Highly efficient techniques for mitigating the effects of multipath propagation in DS-CDMA delay estimation

• Published in: IEEE transactions on wireless communications Vol. 4; no. 1; pp. 149 - 162
• Main Authors: Lohan, E.S., Hamila, R., Lakhzouri, A., Renfors, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway, NJ IEEE 01-01-2005; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Analytical models; Applied sciences; Closely-spaced multipaths; code synchronization; Communication channels; Computational complexity; Computational modeling; Computer simulation; Delay; Delay estimation; Detection, estimation, filtering, equalization, prediction; direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA); Estimating; Exact sciences and technology; Information analysis; Information, signal and communications theory; line-of-sight (LOS) estimation; Mobile handsets; mobile phone positioning; Multiaccess communication; multipath delay estimation; Multiple access; Multiple access interference; Performance analysis; Propagation; Propagation delay; Signal and communications theory; Signal, noise; Spreads; Studies; Synchronism; Telecommunications and information theory; wideband CDMA (WCDMA); Wireless communication; Performance evaluation; Mobile radiocommunication; Positioning; Line of sight propagation; Parameter estimation; Kalman filter; Wireless telecommunication; Subspace method; Multipath propagation; Quadratic programming; Synchronization; Deconvolution; Wide band; Code division multiple access; Delay time; Maximum likelihood; Delay lock loops; Direct sequence
• ISSN: 1536-1276; 1558-2248
• DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2004.840231

Delay estimation in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems is necessary for accurate code synchronization and for applications such as mobile phone positioning. Multipath propagation is among the main sources of error in the DS-CDMA delay estimation process, together with multiple access interference and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation. This paper provides a review of main delay estimation techniques, existing in the literature so far, which are able to cope with multipath propagation, together with our novel delay estimation techniques proposed in the context of DS-CDMA systems. The performance of all these techniques is compared through analysis and simulations, considering also their relative computational complexity and required prior information. Starting from the traditional delay locked loops (DLL) and their improved variants, we discuss several recently introduced delay estimation techniques able to cope with multipath propagation. The characterization of these methods is given in a unified framework, suited for both rectangular and root raised cosine pulse shapes. The main focus in the performance comparison of the algorithms is on the closely-spaced multipath scenario, since this situation is the most challenging for achieving diversity gain with low delay spreads and for estimating LOS component with high accuracy in positioning applications.