Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Concord Infections in Europe and the United States in Children Adopted From Ethiopia, 2003–2007

• Published in: The Pediatric infectious disease journal Vol. 28; no. 9; pp. 814 - 818
• Main Authors: Hendriksen, Rene S, Mikoleit, Matthew, Kornschober, Christian, Rickert, Regan L, Duyne, Susan Van, Kjelsø, Charlotte, Hasman, Henrik, Cormican, Martin, Mevius, Dik, Threlfall, John, Angulo, Frederic J, Aarestrup, Frank M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hagerstown, MD Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc 01-09-2009; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adoption; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Bacterial diseases; Bacterial diseases of the digestive system and abdomen; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Child, Orphaned; Child, Preschool; DNA Fingerprinting; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Ethiopia - epidemiology; Europe - epidemiology; Female; Genotype; Human bacterial diseases; Humans; Infant; Infectious diseases; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Orphanages; Salmonella - classification; Salmonella - drug effects; Salmonella - genetics; Salmonella - isolation & purification; Salmonella Infections - epidemiology; Salmonella Infections - microbiology; United States - epidemiology; Young Adult; United States; North America; Europe; Ethiopia; Africa; America; Human; multi-drug resistance; Pediatrics; Salmonella; Treatment resistance; adoptees; Epidemiology; Infection; Multiple resistance; Bacteriosis; ESBL; Bacteria; Salmonellosis; Child; Ethiopia; Enterobacteriaceae
• ISSN: 0891-3668; 1532-0987
• DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a3aeac

BACKGROUND:Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovar Concord infections have been reported from children adopted from Ethiopia. We interviewed patients, characterized the isolates, and gathered information about adoptions from Ethiopia to assess public health implications.
METHODS:Information about Salmonella Concord cases and adoptions were provided from Austria, Denmark, England (and Wales), Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States. Patients from Denmark and the United States were interviewed to determine the orphanages of origin; orphanages in Ethiopia were visited. Isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility; specific antimicrobial resistance genes were characterized.
RESULTS:Salmonella Concord was isolated from 78 persons from 2003 to 2007. Adoption status was known for 44 patients ≤3 years of age; 98% were adopted from Ethiopia. The children adopted from Ethiopia were from several orphanages; visited orphanages had poor hygiene and sanitation and frequent use of antimicrobial agents. The number of children adopted from Ethiopia in the participating countries increased 527% from 221 in 2003 to 1385 in 2007. Sixty-four Salmonella Concord isolates yielded 53 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns including 6 patterns with >2 indistinguishable isolates; one isolate from an Ethiopia adoptee. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on 43 isolates; 81% were multidrug-resistant (≥3 agents). Multidrug-resistant isolates were from Ethiopian adoptees and were resistant to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and 14% had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
CONCLUSIONS:Improved hygiene and sanitation and more appropriate use of antimicrobial agents are needed in orphanages in Ethiopia. Culturing of stool specimens of children adopted from Ethiopia and appropriate hygiene may prevent further disease transmission.