Analysis of the unsteady thermal response of a Li-ion battery pack to dynamic loads

• Published in: Energy (Oxford) Vol. 231; p. 120947
• Main Authors: Saeed, Ali, Karimi, Nader, Paul, Manosh C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 15-09-2021; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Amplitudes; Batteries; Battery control system; Battery thermal management; Conduction cooling; Cooling; Cooling systems; Disturbances; Dynamic loads; Electric vehicle; Electric vehicles; Heat generation; Heat transfer; Linear systems; Lithium; Lithium-ion batteries; Nonlinear dynamic response; Nonlinear systems; Nonlinearity; Rechargeable batteries; Robust control; System effectiveness; Temperature control; Temperature requirements; Thermal evolution; Thermal response; Transfer functions; Battery thermal management; Electric vehicle; Temperature control; Battery control system; Nonlinear dynamic response
• ISSN: 0360-5442; 1873-6785
• DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120947

It is becoming increasingly apparent that wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) are subject to significant improvements in battery technology. Temperature sensitivity is a major issue adversely affecting battery performance and requiring a robust thermal control. Yet, this is challenged by the large variety of temporal scenarios though which heat is generated in a battery pack, demanding dynamic tools to predict the thermal evolution of batteries. Classical transfer functions provide a low-cost and effective predictive tool. However, they are limited to linear systems, while nonlinear predictive tools can become impractical for EV applications. Therefore, this study provides a methodology to assess the dynamics of battery cooling. This is achieved through conduction of high fidelity modelling of battery cooling exposed to different temporal disturbances on the internal heat generation. The results are then post-processed to evaluate the extent of linearity. A quantitative measure of non-linearity is further applied to clearly determine the degree of nonlinearity in the heat transfer response. It is shown that battery cooling system can be approximated as a linear dynamical system as long as the disturbances are of short duration and relatively low amplitude. Conversely, long and large amplitude temporal disturbances can render strongly nonlinear thermal responses.
•A novel measure of nonlinearity of battery cooling process is introduced.•Cooling process remains nearly linear at low load modulation amplitudes (10%).•Long duration temporal disturbances of the battery load generate strong nonlinearity.•For linear conditions, transfer function of Nu is like a low-pass filter.