A Novel In Situ Toxicity Identification Evaluation (iTIE) System for Determining which Chemicals Drive Impairments at Contaminated Sites

• Published in: Environmental toxicology and chemistry Vol. 39; no. 9; pp. 1746 - 1754
• Main Authors: Burton, G. Allen, Cervi, Eduardo Cimino, Meyer, Kathryn, Steigmeyer, August, Verhamme, Edward, Daley, Jennifer, Hudson, Michelle, Colvin, Marienne, Rosen, Gunther
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-09-2020
• Subjects: Ammonia; Ammonia - analysis; Animals; Bioassays; Bivalvia - drug effects; Bivalvia - embryology; Chemical fractionation; Chemical mixtures; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Ecological effects; Ecological risk assessment; Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects; Endpoint Determination; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Environmental Pollution - analysis; Environmental protection; Evaluation; Fractionation; Fresh Water - chemistry; Freshwater organisms; Geologic Sediments - chemistry; Harbors; Humans; Laboratories; Larva - drug effects; Marine chemistry; Metals; Mixture toxicity; Polymers; Prototypes; Remediation technologies; Resins; Rivers; Sea Urchins - drug effects; Sea Urchins - embryology; Technology assessment; Test organisms; Toxicants; Toxicity; Toxicity testing; Toxicity Tests; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity; Waterways; Weight‐of‐evidence; Mixture toxicity; Chemical fractionation; Weight-of-evidence; Chemical mixtures; Remediation technologies
• ISSN: 0730-7268; 1552-8618
• DOI: 10.1002/etc.4799

Human‐dominated waterways contain thousands of chemicals. Determining which chemical is the most important stressor is important, yet very challenging. The Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedure from the US Environmental Protection Agency uses a series of chemical and physical manipulations to fractionate compounds within a matrix and systematically identify potential toxicants through laboratory bioassay testing. Although this may provide useful information, it lacks ecological realism because it is subject to laboratory‐related artifacts and is resource intensive. The in situ Toxicity Identification Evaluation (iTIE) technology was developed to improve this approach and has undergone a number of modifications over the past several years. The novel prototype 3 consists of an array of iTIE ambient water fractionation units. Each unit is connected to a peristaltic pumping system with an organism exposure chamber that receives water from a resin chamber to chemically fractionate test site water. Test organisms included freshwater and marine standard toxicity test species. Postfractionation waters are collected for subsequent chemical analyses. Currently, the resins allow for separation of ammonia, metals, and nonpolar organics; the subsequent toxicity responses are compared between treatments and unfractionated, ambient exposures. The iTIE system was deployed to a depth of 3 m and evaluated in streams and marine harbors. Chemical analyses of water and iTIE chemical sorptive resins confirmed chemical groups causing lethal to sublethal responses. The system proved to be as sensitive or more so than the traditional phase 1 TIE test and required almost half of the resources to complete. This iTIE prototype provides a robust technology that improves stressor–causality linkages and thereby supports strong evidence for ecological risk weight‐of‐evidence assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1746–1754. © 2020 SETAC