Wearable accelerometers reveal objective assessment of walking symmetry and regularity in idiopathic scoliosis patients

• Published in: PeerJ (San Francisco, CA) Vol. 12; p. e17739
• Main Authors: Gan, Xiaopeng, Liu, Xin, Cai, Danxian, Zhang, Rongbin, Li, Fanqiang, Fang, Haohuang, Huang, Jingrou, Qiu, Chenguang, Zhan, Hongrui
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States PeerJ. Ltd 16-07-2024; PeerJ Inc
• Subjects: Accelerometry - instrumentation; Accelerometry - methods; Adolescent; Biomechanical Phenomena - physiology; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Gait - physiology; Gait analysis; Health aspects; Humans; Male; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Postural Balance - physiology; Scoliosis; Scoliosis - physiopathology; Sensors; Walking; Walking - physiology; Walking stability; Wearable Electronic Devices; Wearable sensors; Young Adult; Walking stability; Scoliosis; Gait analysis; Wearable sensors
• ISSN: 2167-8359; 2167-8359
• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17739

Scoliosis is a multifaceted three-dimensional deformity that significantly affects patients' balance function and walking process. While existing research primarily focuses on spatial and temporal parameters of walking and trunk/pelvic kinematics asymmetry, there remains controversy regarding the symmetry and regularity of bilateral lower limb gait. This study aims to investigate the symmetry and regularity of bilateral lower limb gait and examine the balance control strategy of the head during walking in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
The study involved 17 patients with idiopathic scoliosis of Lenke 1 and Lenke 5 classifications, along with 17 healthy subjects for comparison. Three-dimensional accelerometers were attached to the head and L5 spinous process of each participant, and three-dimensional motion acceleration signals were collected during a 10-meter walking test. Analysis of the collected acceleration signals involved calculating five variables related to the symmetry and regularity of walking: root mean square (RMS) of the acceleration signal, harmonic ratio (HR), step regularity, stride regularity, and gait symmetry.
Our analysis reveals that, during the walking process, the three-dimensional motion acceleration signals acquired from the lumbar region of patients diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis exhibit noteworthy disparities in the RMS of the vertical axis (RMS-VT) and the HR of the vertical axis (HR-VT) when compared to the corresponding values in the healthy control (RMS-VT: 1.6 ± 0.41
. 3 ± 0.47,
 < 0.05; HR-VT: 3 ± 0.72
. 3.9 ± 0.71,
 < 0.05). Additionally, the motion acceleration signals of the head in three-dimensional space, including the RMS in the anterior-posterior and vertical axis, the HR-VT, and the values of step regularity in both anterior-posterior and vertical axis, as well as the values of stride regularity in all three axes, are all significantly lower than those in the healthy control group (
 < 0.05).
The findings of the analysis suggest that the application of three-dimensional accelerometer sensors proves efficacious and convenient for scrutinizing the symmetry and regularity of walking in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis. Distinctive irregularities in gait symmetry and regularity manifest in patients with idiopathic scoliosis, particularly within the antero-posterior and vertical direction. Moreover, the dynamic balance control strategy of the head in three-dimensional space among patients with idiopathic scoliosis exhibits a relatively conservative nature when compared to healthy individuals.