Resistance to dicyclanil and imidacloprid in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in Australia

• Published in: Pest management science Vol. 78; no. 10; pp. 4195 - 4206
• Main Authors: Kotze, Andrew C, Bagnall, Neil H, Ruffell, Angela P, George, Sarah D, Rolls, Nicholas M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-10-2022; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Bioassays; blowfly; Cyromazine; Cytochrome; Cytochrome P450; Cytochromes P450; dicyclanil; flystrike; Imidacloprid; Insecticide resistance; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Lucilia cuprina; Myiasis; Parasites; Pest control; Pest resistance; resistance; Resistance factors; Sheep; Spinosad; Synergism; blowfly; Lucilia cuprina; dicyclanil; resistance; flystrike; imidacloprid
• ISSN: 1526-498X; 1526-4998
• DOI: 10.1002/ps.7037

Background
The sheep blowfly, Lucila cuprina, is a myiasis‐causing parasite responsible for significant production losses and welfare issues for the Australian sheep industry. Control relies largely on the use of insecticides. The pyrimidine compound, dicyclanil, is the predominant control chemical, although other insecticides also are used, including imidacloprid, ivermectin, cyromazine and spinosad. We investigated in vitro resistance patterns and mechanisms in field‐collected blowfly strains.
Results
The Walgett 2019 strain showed significant levels of resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid, with resistance factors at the IC50 of 26‐ and 17‐fold, respectively, in in vitro bioassays. Co‐treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, aminobenzotriazole, resulted in significant levels of synergism for dicyclanil and imidacloprid (synergism ratios of 7.2‐ and 6.1‐fold, respectively), implicating cytochrome P450 in resistance to both insecticides. Cyp12d1 transcription levels were increased up to 40‐fold throughout the larval life stages in the resistant strain compared to a reference susceptible strain, whereas transcription levels of some other cyp genes (6g1, 4d1, 28d1) did not differ between the strains. Similar resistance levels also were observed in flies collected from the same property in two subsequent years.
Conclusion
This study indicates that in vitro resistance to both dicyclanil and imidacloprid in this field‐collected blowfly strain is likely mediated by cytochrome P450, with Cyp12d1 implicated as the enzyme responsible; however, it remains possible that another P450 also may be involved. A common resistance mechanism for the two drugs has important implications for drug rotation strategies designed to prolong the useful life of flystrike control chemicals. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
This paper describes P450‐mediated resistance to dicyclanil and imidacloprid in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, with important implications for chemical rotation strategies to delay the spread of resistance in this parasite.