Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration

• Published in: International ophthalmology Vol. 43; no. 10; pp. 3891 - 3909
• Main Authors: Shome, Ishita, Thathapudi, Neethi C., Aramati, Bindu Madhav Reddy, Kowtharapu, Bhavani S., Jangamreddy, Jaganmohan R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01-10-2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Age; Age related diseases; Bioengineering; Blindness; Blood vessels; Clinical trials; Disease management; Embryo cells; Epithelium; Eye diseases; Life sciences; Macular degeneration; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mitochondrial DNA; Molecular modelling; Nanomaterials; Nanotechnology; Older people; Ophthalmology; Pathogenesis; Photoreceptors; Regenerative medicine; Retina; Retinal degeneration; Retinal pigment epithelium; Review; Stem cells; Three dimensional printing; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Vascularization; Vision; Visual impairment; Retina; Drusen; Age-related macular degeneration; Photoreceptor cells; Retinal pigment epithelium
• ISSN: 1573-2630; 0165-5701; 1573-2630
• DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02767-2

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization (“wet” form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells (“dry” form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.