Stable and Fast Deep Mutual Information Maximization Based on Wasserstein Distance

• Published in: Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 12; p. 1607
• Main Authors: He, Xing, Peng, Changgen, Wang, Lin, Tan, Weijie, Wang, Zifan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 30-11-2023
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Coders; Convergence; Deep learning; Dictionaries; encoder network; Image classification; Lattice theory; Machine learning; Mathematical models; Maximization; mutual information estimation; Neural networks; Optimization; Parameters; Random variables; Representations; Stability; Success; Unsupervised learning; deep learning; machine learning; encoder network; mutual information estimation; unsupervised learning
• ISSN: 1099-4300; 1099-4300
• DOI: 10.3390/e25121607

Deep learning is one of the most exciting and promising techniques in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), which drives AI applications to be more intelligent and comprehensive. However, existing deep learning techniques usually require a large amount of expensive labeled data, which limit the application and development of deep learning techniques, and thus it is imperative to study unsupervised machine learning. The learning of deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximization (Deep InfoMax or DIM) method has achieved unprecedented results in the field of unsupervised learning. However, in the DIM method, to restrict the encoder to learn more normalized feature representations, an adversarial network learning method is used to make the encoder output consistent with a priori positively distributed data. As we know, the model training of the adversarial network learning method is difficult to converge, because there is a logarithmic function in the loss function of the cross-entropy measure, and the gradient of the model parameters is susceptible to the "gradient explosion" or "gradient disappearance" phenomena, which makes the training of the DIM method extremely unstable. In this regard, we propose a Wasserstein distance-based DIM method to solve the stability problem of model training, and our method is called the WDIM. Subsequently, the training stability of the WDIM method and the classification ability of unsupervised learning are verified on the CIFAR10, CIFAR100, and STL10 datasets. The experiments show that our proposed WDIM method is more stable to parameter updates, has faster model convergence, and at the same time, has almost the same accuracy as the DIM method on the classification task of unsupervised learning. Finally, we also propose a reflection of future research for the WDIM method, aiming to provide a research idea and direction for solving the image classification task with unsupervised learning.