1‐D Carbon Nano‐Coils Derived from Almond Skin: Exhibiting Density of State, Diffusivity, Electron Transfer Rate, and Dopamine Redox Modulation Properties Akin to Graphene Oxide

The quest to develop graphene‐like biomass‐carbon for advanced biomolecule redox modulation and sensing remains a challenge. The primary obstacle is the limited ability of biomass to undergo extensive graphitization during pyrolysis resulting in the formation of amorphous carbon materials with a sma...

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Published in:Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) Vol. 20; no. 28; pp. e2310406 - n/a
Main Authors: Appiah‐Ntiamoah, Richard, Guye, Meseret Ethiopia, Dabaro, Mintesinot Dessalegn, Kim, Hern
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Germany Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-07-2024
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Summary:The quest to develop graphene‐like biomass‐carbon for advanced biomolecule redox modulation and sensing remains a challenge. The primary obstacle is the limited ability of biomass to undergo extensive graphitization during pyrolysis resulting in the formation of amorphous carbon materials with a small carbon‐double‐bond‐carbon domain size (Lsp2), density of state (LDOS), ion diffusivity (D), and electron transfer rate constant (Ks). Herein, using almond skin (AS) the morphology of biomass is demonstrated as the key to overcoming these limitations. AS consists of 1D syringyl/guaiacyl lignin nano‐coils which under H2/H2 annealing transform into pyrolytic 1D carbon nano‐coils (r‐gC). Spectroscopy and microscopy analyses reveal that the sheet layering structure, crystallinity, LDOS, and Lsp2 of r‐gC mimic those of graphene oxide (GO). Moreover, its unique 1D morphology and profound microstructure facilitate faster charge transfer and ion diffusion than GO's planar structure, leading to better redox modulation and sensing of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in physiological fluids. r‐gC's DA detection limit of 3.62 nM is below the lower threshold found in humans and on par with the state‐of‐the‐art. r‐gC is also DA‐selective over 14 biochemicals. This study reveals that biomasses with well‐defined and compact lignin structures are best suited for developing highly electroactive graphene‐like biomass carbon. In this study, the effect of biomass structure on graphene‐like carbon production is investigated using almond skin which consists of unique 1‐D syringyl/guaiacyl lignin nano‐coils. Under N2/H2 pyrolysis, the nano‐coil graphitizes completely into 1‐D carbon nano‐coils consisting of conjugated and exfoliated sp2 sheets (r‐gC) with similar physicochemical properties as GO. Consequently, r‐gC exhibits state‐of‐the‐art dopamine (DA) redox‐modulation and electrochemical sensing.
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ISSN:1613-6810
1613-6829
1613-6829
DOI:10.1002/smll.202310406