The role of skin tests with polyethylene glycol and polysorbate 80 in the vaccination campaign for COVID-19: results from an Italian multicenter survey

• Published in: European annals of allergy and clinical immunology Vol. 56; no. 1; pp. 17 - 25
• Main Authors: Montera, M C, Giordano, A, Asperti, C, Aruanno, A, Barzaghi, C E, Bignardi, D, Borrelli, P, Bommarito, L, Busa, M, Calafiore, P, Carusi, V, Cinquini, M, Cortellini, G, Cocchi, R, D'Auria, F, De Caro, F, Demonte, A, Di Leo, E, Di Lizia, M, Di Rienzo, A, Fumagalli, F, Kihlgren, P, Lodi Rizzini, F, Macchia, D, Manzotti, G, Marra, A M, Mileto, P, Mietta, S, Montagni, M, Nettis, E, Nucera, E, Peveri, S, Pivetta, D, Pirisi, M, Ramirez, G A, Rivolta, F, Rizzi, A, Savoia, A, Pedicini, A, Scarpa, A, Zisa, G, Yacoub, M-R, Zambito, M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Italy 01-01-2024
• Subjects: Anaphylaxis - diagnosis; Anaphylaxis - epidemiology; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 Vaccines - adverse effects; Excipients - adverse effects; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunization Programs; Italy - epidemiology; Polyethylene Glycols - adverse effects; Polysorbates - adverse effects; Retrospective Studies; Skin Tests; Italy; COVID-19; anaphylaxis; PEG; vaccines; skin test
• ISSN: 1764-1489; 1764-1489
• DOI: 10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.291

International guidelines suggested skin tests with Polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and polysorbate 80 (PS-80), to investigate a possible hypersensitivity to these excipients either to identify subjects at risk of developing allergic reactions to Covid-19 vaccines, or in patients with suspected IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions (HR) to the Covid-19 vaccine. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PEG and PS sensitization in patients with a clinical history of HR to drugs containing PEG/PS and in patients with a suspected Covid-19 vaccine immediate HR.
This was a multicenter retrospective study conducted by allergists belonging to 20 Italian medical centers. Skin testing was performed in 531 patients with either a clinical history of suspected hypersensitivity reaction (HR) to drugs containing PEG and/or PS-80 (group 1:362 patient) or a suspected HR to Covid-19 vaccines (group 2: 169 patient), as suggested by the AAIITO/SIAAIC guidelines for the "management of patients at risk of allergic reactions to Covid-19 vaccines" [1].
10/362 (0.02%) had positive skin test to one or both excipients in group 1, 12/169 (7.1%) in group 2 (p less than 0.01). In group 2 HRs to Covid-19 vaccines were immediate in 10/12 of cases and anaphylaxis occurred in 4/12 of patients.
The positivity of skin test with PEG and or PS before vaccination is extremely rare and mostly replaceable by an accurate clinical history. Sensitization to PEG and PS has to be investigated in patients with a previous immediate HR to a Covid-19 vaccine, in particular in patients with anaphylaxis.