An exploration of violence against paramedics, burnout and post-traumatic symptoms in two Australian ambulance services

• Published in: International journal of emergency services Vol. 6; no. 2; pp. 134 - 146
• Main Author: Wongtongkam, Nualnong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bingley Emerald Publishing Limited 07-08-2017; Emerald Group Publishing Limited
• Subjects: Absenteeism; Ambulance services; Assaults; Burnout; Careers; Design factors; Emergency medical care; Emotional abuse; Employees; Gender; Paramedics; Personal health; Psychological factors; Risk factors; Stress; Threats; Violence; Well being; Workplace violence; Australia; Post-traumatic symptoms; Burnout; Australia; Violence; Paramedics
• ISSN: 2047-0894; 2047-0908
• DOI: 10.1108/IJES-03-2017-0014

Purpose
Violence directed at ambulance paramedics has attracted increasing public attention because of its major negative impact on the physical and psychological well-being of victims and productivity of organisations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the prevalence of violent incidents, contributing factors, burnout and post-traumatic symptoms among paramedics.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey was distributed in two ambulance services in Tasmania and South Australia, with self-administered instruments completed online. In total, 48 respondents completed questionnaires.
Findings
There were no significant differences between sites in timing of violent incidents, consequences of traumatic events or organisation provision. Surprisingly, over 90 per cent of paramedics had not been pushed, slapped, beaten, scratched or spat on in the previous month. There was a statistically significant difference between genders for being yelled at or verbally abused (p=0.02). When considering burnout, female paramedics showed significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion t(37)=–2.32, p=0.02 and lower levels of career satisfaction than their male counterparts, t(37)=3.32, p=0.00.
Originality/value
Although prevalence rates of violent incidents seemed lower than expected, policy interventions to encourage female paramedics to display their professional identities and steps to enhance well-being and safety while on duty should be considered.