Simple quantification method for N-nitrosamines in atmospheric particulates based on facile pretreatment and GC-MS/MS

• Published in: Environmental pollution (1987) Vol. 226; pp. 324 - 334
• Main Authors: Hong, Youngmin, Kim, Kyung Hwan, Sang, Byoung-In, Kim, Hyunook
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-07-2017
• Subjects: Atmosphere - chemistry; Butylamines - analysis; Direct liquid extraction; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; GC-TQMS; N-Nitrosamines; Nitrosamines - analysis; Particulate matter; Particulate Matter - analysis; Republic of Korea; Secondary organic aerosols; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Secondary organic aerosols; Direct liquid extraction; N-Nitrosamines; GC-TQMS; Particulate matter
• ISSN: 0269-7491; 1873-6424
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.017

Nine N-nitrosamines (i.e., N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), N-nitorosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) in atmospheric PM2.5 collected in the fall season from an roadside site and a residential in Seoul, Korea have been analyzed using a newly developed method consisting of simple direct liquid extraction assisted by ultrasonication and subsequent quantification using a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-TQMS). Excellent recovery values (92–100%) and method detection limits for the target compounds atmospheric PM samples could be achieved even without an evaporation step for sample concentration. The concentration of total N-nitrosamines in PM2.5 was ranged from 0.3 to 9.4 ng m−3 in this study; NDMA, NDEA, NDBA, NPyr, and NMor in PM2.5 were found to be the most frequently encountered compounds at the sampling sites. Since no industrial plant is located in Seoul, vehicle exhausts were considered major cause of the formation of nitrosamines in this study. The mechanisms how these compounds are formed and detected in the atmosphere are explained from the viewpoint of secondary organic aerosol. Considering the concentrations of N-nitrosamines and their associated potential health risks, a systematic monitoring of nitrosamines present in both ambient air and PM2.5 including seasonal and diurnal variations of selected sites (including potential precursor sources) should be carried out in the future. The proposed sample pretreatment method along with the analytical method will definitely help us perform the monitoring study.
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•9 nitrosamines in PMs of the air over Seoul, Korea were quantified.•A newly developed easy analytical method was applied for the quantification.•How nitrosamines are formed is explained.•Nitrosamine levels detected are 4–31 times higher than the Norwegian guideline.
A total of nine nitrosamines in atmospheric PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea have been quantified using a newly developed easy method.