Estimates of nectar productivity through a simulation approach differ from the nectar produced in 24 h

Nectar is a key resource for numerous insects. Despite its importance, nectar productivity has mainly been assessed using one sampling method, in which the volume of nectar produced by a flower is measured after 24 h of isolation from insects (‘measured 24 h volume’ hereafter). This method assumes t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Functional ecology Vol. 36; no. 12; pp. 3234 - 3247
Main Authors: Carisio, Luca, Schurr, Lucie, Masotti, Véronique, Porporato, Marco, Nève, Gabriel, Affre, Laurence, Gachet, Sophie, Geslin, Benoît
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 01-12-2022
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Summary:Nectar is a key resource for numerous insects. Despite its importance, nectar productivity has mainly been assessed using one sampling method, in which the volume of nectar produced by a flower is measured after 24 h of isolation from insects (‘measured 24 h volume’ hereafter). This method assumes that nectar removal by flower‐visiting insects does not affect nectar productivity. Hence, a linearity in the nectar production dynamic is assumed. The effect of nectar removal could lead to an actual volume of nectar produced per flower over 24 h being higher or lower than the measured 24 h volume. Whether the nectar productivity is influenced by insect activity still therefore needs to be assessed. In a field experiment, we estimated the nectar production dynamics of lavender (Lavandula hybrida) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) flowers and tested whether they met the linearity assumption. Then, we developed a simulation model to identify how different scenarios of insect foraging activity: nectar removal rate (average and maximum), and flower‐selection strategies (random selection or rewarding flower selection) alter the estimated 24 h volume of nectar for both crops (‘estimated 24 h volume’ hereafter). Finally, we tested whether the estimated 24 h volume differed from the measured 24 h volume for both crops. Lavender and fennel showed equal measured 24 h volume of nectar but the produced nectar volume over 6 h suggested that a flower of lavender was more productive than a flower of fennel. Both nectar production dynamics did not meet the assumption of linearity. The simulation models showed that the estimated 24 h volume increased with maximum nectar removal rate for lavender, and the opposite was found for fennel. Rewarding selection always increased the estimated 24 h volume for fennel while for lavender a positive effect was detected at average rate of nectar removal. We found that the estimated 24 h volume was always greater than the measured 24 h volume. Our model demonstrated that the effect of insect foraging activity on flower's nectar productivity should be considered while estimating the resources produced by plants. As an alternative, measures of produced nectar volume in short time spans may be compared with the measured 24 h volume to check the reliability of this widespread method. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Résumé Le nectar est une ressource alimentaire indispensable à de nombreux insectes. Une méthode est communément utilisée pour estimer la production de nectar : elle consiste à échantillonner une fleur après 24 h d'isolement aux insectes (la fleur est ensachée). Cette méthode postule que toutes les fleurs produisent du nectar à vitesse constante, indépendamment des prélèvements par les insectes. Toutefois, toutes les plantes ne sont pas égales en termes de vitesse de production de nectar, et il a aussi été prouvé que, selon les espèces de plantes, le butinage a un effet (positif ou négatif) sur la production de nectar. Il est donc important de connaître les rythmes de production nectarifères plus précisément avant d'évaluer la productivité des plantes. Dans une étude en plein champs, nous avons suivi la production de nectar de deux plantes aromatiques largement cultivées, le lavandin (Lavandula hybrida) et le fenouil (Foeniculum vulgare), en mesurant la production de nectar sur différents pas de temps (inférieurs à 24 h), et observé les comportements de butinage afin de simuler des scénarios de visites d'insectes floricoles sur chaque culture. Il n'y avait pas de différences entre les deux cultures pour la production de nectar au bout de 24 h. Toutefois, le lavandin reconstitue les stocks de nectar beaucoup plus rapidement que le fenouil. En simulant différents comportements de visite des insectes floricoles, nous avons mis en évidence que la production quotidienne de nectar varie grandement, et que cette valeur est toujours très supérieure à la mesure réalisée après 24 h d'isolement, pour le lavandin comme pour le fenouil. Ces travaux démontrent qu'une prise en compte des insectes floricoles et de la dynamique de production est indispensable à l'estimation précise des quantités de nectar. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
ISSN:0269-8463
1365-2435
DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.14210