Effects of Surface Wave Breaking Caused by Internal Solitary Waves in SAR Altimeter: Sentinel-3 Copernicus Products and Advanced New Products

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 14; no. 3; p. 587
• Main Authors: Santos-Ferreira, Adriana M., da Silva, José C. B., Magalhaes, Jorge M., Amraoui, Samira, Moreau, Thomas, Maraldi, Claire, Boy, François, Picot, Nicolas, Borde, Franck
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-02-2022
• Subjects: Altimeters; altimetry; Breaking waves; delay-Doppler altimeter; Energy dissipation; internal solitary waves (ISWs); Internal waves; radar backscatter; Radar cross sections; Radiation; Remote sensing; SAR; Satellite tracking; Satellites; Sensors; Signatures; Solitary waves; Surface waves; Wave breaking; Wave energy; Wave height; Wave power; Wavelengths; Waves; Andaman Sea
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs14030587

We address surface wave breaking caused by oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) and how ISWs are manifested in the SAR altimeter onboard Sentinel-3A and -3B satellites by means of their effects in Significant Wave Height (SWH). Two different regions of the ocean are selected, namely the tropical Atlantic Ocean off the Amazon shelf and the Banda Sea in the Indian Ocean, where there are scenes of Sentinel-3 OLCI acquired simultaneously with an along-track SAR mode altimeter, which include signatures of large amplitude ISWs. New data of unfocused SAR (UF-SAR 20 Hz) and fully focused SAR (FF-SAR 160 Hz) modes are analyzed, which are retracked in full range and over a reduced range of bins (truncation carried out dynamically ten gates away from the estimated epoch position). At first order, in scales of 1–3 km, a strong decrease in the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) over the rough part of the ISWs is observed followed by a small increase in the smooth part relative to the unperturbed ocean background. A second order ISW signature, in scales of 20 km, is noted: the SWH is attenuated after the passage of an ISW, considering length scales of about 10 km before and after the ISW crest. The SWH signatures are unique in showing that the surface wave energy does not return to its unperturbed level after the passage of an ISW, admittedly because intense meter-scale wave breaking results in surface wave energy dissipation. Furthermore, Sentinel-2 MSI images are analyzed and provide insights into this same phenomenon: white-capping resulting in a radiance increase at all (visible) wavelengths. Modulation of breaking waves owing to ISWs is demonstrated by estimates of the fraction of breaking waves in the presence of internal waves.