Incidence of serum sickness following Indian polyvalent antivenom therapy in a cohort of snake-envenomed patients in rural Sri Lanka

• Published in: Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) Vol. ahead-of-print; no. ahead-of-print; pp. 1 - 6
• Main Authors: Waiddyanatha, Subodha, Silva, Anjana, Wedasingha, Supun, Siribaddana, Sisira, Isbister, Geoffrey K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Taylor & Francis 03-07-2023
• Subjects: adverse reaction; Animals; Antivenins - adverse effects; antivenom; Incidence; premedication; Serum sickness; Serum Sickness - chemically induced; Serum Sickness - complications; Serum Sickness - epidemiology; Snake Bites - drug therapy; Snake Bites - epidemiology; Snake Venoms; snakebite; Snakes; Sri Lanka - epidemiology; Sri Lanka; premedication; adverse reaction; antivenom; Serum sickness; snakebite
• ISSN: 1556-3650; 1556-9519
• DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2229007

Serum sickness is a poorly reported delayed adverse reaction following snake antivenom therapy. We aimed to assess the frequency of serum sickness associated with administering Indian polyvalent antivenom in Sri Lanka.
We recruited patients from the Anuradhapura snakebite cohort who were admitted to a rural tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka over one year period. Patients were interviewed over the phone 21 to 28 days post-envenoming to collect data on clinical effects: fever/chills, arthralgia/myalgia, rash, malaise, headache, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting. The presence of three or more symptoms between the 5th to 20th days after snake envenoming was defined as serum sickness.
We were able to contact 98/122 (80%) patients who received antivenom and 423/588 (72%) who did not receive antivenom during the study period. The treated patients received a median dose of 20 vials (interquartile range: 20-30) of Indian polyvalent antivenom and of them, 92 (92%) received premedication. However, 67/98 (68%) developed acute adverse reactions to antivenom, including 19/98 (19%) developing anaphylaxis. Only 4/98 (4%) who received antivenom met the criteria for serum sickness, compared to none who did not receive antivenom therapy. All patients who developed serum sickness were envenomed by Russell's vipers, were premedicated, and received VINS Bioproducts antivenom. Three of them were treated with hydrocortisone in the acute stage, as premedication or as a treatment for acute adverse reactions of antivenom. Although all four patients sought medical advice for their symptoms, only one was clinically suspected to be serum sickness and treated, while the others were treated for infections.
We confirmed that Indian polyvalent antivenom use in Sri Lanka is associated with high rates of acute adverse reactions. In contrast to studies of other antivenoms only a small proportion of patients developed serum sickness.