Large-Scale Modeling and DR Control of Electric Water Heaters With Energy Star and CTA-2045 Control Types in Distribution Power Systems

• Published in: IEEE transactions on industry applications Vol. 58; no. 4; pp. 5136 - 5147
• Main Authors: Gong, Huangjie, Jones, Evan S., Jakaria, A H M, Huque, Aminul, Renjit, Ajit, Ionel, Dan M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-07-2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Air conditioning; Alternative energy storage; ANSI/CTA-2045-B; battery energy storage system (BESS); Control systems; demand response (DR); Electric power demand; Electric power distribution; Electric power systems; electric water heater (EWH); Energy consumption; Energy management; energy star; Energy storage; energy take; Engineering; home energy management (HEM); IEEE 123-bus; Load modeling; OpenDSS; power system; Power systems; Protocols; Resistance heating; Stars; Storage systems; voltage variation; Water heaters; Water heating
• ISSN: 0093-9994; 1939-9367
• DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2022.3178066

This article proposes a generalized energy storage model for battery energy storage systems, electric water heaters (EWH), and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to enable demand response control complying to Energy Star and CTA-2045 standards. The demand response control has been implemented in the DER integration testbed, which was originally developed by Electric Power Research Institute, to demonstrate that the "energy content" and "energy take" for BESS and EWH with mixing valve technology are comparable for typical residential ratings. A distribution power system was modeled using the modified IEEE 123-bus feeder system, measured residential loads, and EWH power simulated based on realistic hot water draws from CBECC-Res software. The demand response control, which complies to CTA-2045 standards was implemented to the EWHs considering the energy take values. Results demonstrate that the EWHs can be controlled to postpone the peak power at the distribution system level and provide a large amount of energy storage, while maintaining system robustness. The impact on occupant comfort was also analyzed.