Exploring synchrony of lying on commercial dairy farms in relation to management

• Published in: Applied animal behaviour science Vol. 262; p. 105906
• Main Authors: Kok, Akke, van Knegsel, Ariette, Bokkers, Eddie A.M., Kemp, Bas, Thorup, Vivi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-05-2023
• Subjects: (max. 6): lying time; Accelerometer; Dairy cow; Sensor data; Synchronicity; Welfare monitoring; Accelerometer; Dairy cow; Sensor data; (max. 6): lying time; Welfare monitoring; Synchronicity
• ISSN: 0168-1591; 1872-9045
• DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105906

Synchronous lying may be an indicator of positive welfare in dairy cows. However, little is known about whether farms differ in the level of lying synchrony and how consistent this is within a farm. Moreover, the level of synchrony may vary within the day. Accelerometers used for estrus detection of cows enable continuous monitoring of synchronous lying of herds. We studied the level, timing and duration of synchronous lying in 8 Holstein Friesian or Holstein dairy herds across 1 year, in relation to grazing and milking management (robotic milking, 2x and 3x daily milking). In ‘winter’ months (November-March), herds were housed; in ‘summer’ months (May-September), 6 of 8 herds had access to pasture for 5–8 h per day, the other 2 herds were full-time housed. April and October were excluded because of variable management. Herds had 0.9–1.4 cubicles available per cow. After cleaning individual accelerometer data, herd average lying time was computed per 15-min (900 s) interval. An interval was defined as synchronous lying when the herd average lying time > 540 or > 630 s (i.e. assuming 60% or 70% of the herd was lying). Daily synchronous lying time was defined as the number of synchronous intervals × 15 min. A general linear model was used to assess effects of farm, season, and their interaction on synchronous lying time per day; with Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Correlations were made per farm per season to assess the association between total daily lying time and synchronous lying time. Across all herds and calendar days, the highest level of synchrony reached was on average 78%. Most synchronous lying occurred between 2AM and 6AM, though this was not true for all farms. Synchronous lying occurred least between 4 and 8 PM. Across farms, average synchronous (60% threshold) lying time per day was 5.9 h in summer (range: 2.7 – 7.9 h) and 5.5 h in winter (range: 1.6 – 9.1 h). In 3 out of 6 farms with grazing, synchronous lying time was higher in summer due to occurrence of synchronous lying during periods with pasture access. On 2 farms, synchronous lying time was higher in winter than summer due to increased synchronous lying at night. Across farms, average daily lying time and synchronous lying time generally showed moderate correlations. Monitoring synchronous lying in dairy herds using accelerometers was feasible, and 24-h synchrony patterns seemed consistent within farms. Its validity as a positive or negative welfare indicator requires further study.
•Accelerometer data of cows was used to assess lying synchrony of 8 dairy herds.•Synchronous lying per 15-min was defined as average lying time exceeding 60% or 70%.•Synchronous lying occurred most at night and during periods with pasture access.•Farms showed distinct and consistent herd patterns in timing of synchrony.•The average duration of synchronous lying for a 60% threshold was 5.7 h per day.