Optimisation of the sol–gel derived ZnO buffer layer for inverted structure bulk heterojunction organic solar cells using a low band gap polymer

• Published in: Thin solid films Vol. 566; pp. 99 - 107
• Main Authors: Lin, Rui, Miwa, Masahiro, Wright, Matthew, Uddin, Ashraf
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01-09-2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Annealing; Applied sciences; Buffer layers; Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties; Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology; Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures; Electronics; Energy; Exact sciences and technology; Heterojunctions; Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids); Materials science; Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy; Natural energy; Optoelectronic devices; Organic solar cell; PC71BM; PCPDTBT; Photovoltaic cells; Photovoltaic conversion; Physics; Process parameters; Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices; Sol gel process; Solar cells; Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells; Solar energy; Sol–gel ZnO; Surface and interface electron states; Zinc oxide; PCPDTBT; Sol–gel ZnO; PC71BM; Organic solar cell; Annealing temperature; Sol―gel ZnO; BM; Thiadiazole derivatives; Precursor; Optimization; Photovoltaic cell; Thin films; Energy gap; Lamellar structure; Zinc oxide; Butyric derivative polymer; Polymers; Thermal annealing; Current density; Sol-gel process; Solar cells; Buffer layer; Electronic properties; Oxide layer; Active layer; Light emitting diodes; PC; Heterojunctions; Zinc acetate, basic
• ISSN: 0040-6090; 1879-2731
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2014.07.026

This work presents a comprehensive study of the fabrication process of the sol–gel derived zinc oxide (ZnO) buffer layer in solution processed inverted bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on a thin film blend of poly[2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]] and [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester. The fabrication process parameters, such as the zinc acetate concentration ratio of the precursor solution, annealing temperature and annealing time of the ZnO film, were investigated in this work. The ZnO fabrication process influences both the quality of ZnO film and the contact between the ZnO buffer layer and the active layer. Optimization of the processing parameters caused the short circuit current density to increase from 4.7 to 11.2mA/cm2 and the fill factor increases from 28.8% to 42.5%. This led to an increase of the power conversion efficiency from 0.11% to 3.43%. The result indicates that the photovoltaic performance of inverted structure organic solar cells is strongly dependent on the optimized sol–gel derived ZnO film.
•ZnO is an important material for buffer layers in polymer solar cells.•The sol–gel process is a low temperature, solution processed method.•We present a thorough optimisation of sol–gel derived ZnO buffer layers.