Strength and bioactivity of PEEK composites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes and bioactive glass

• Published in: Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials Vol. 144; p. 105964
• Main Authors: Khallaf, Reem Magdy, Emam, Ahmed N., Mostafa, Amany A., Nassif, Mohamed Salah, Hussein, Tarek Salah
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01-08-2023
• Subjects: Composite; Durapatite - chemistry; Humans; Hydroxyapatite; Ketones - chemistry; Mechanical properties; Nano bioactive glass; Nanotubes, Carbon; Patient-specific implant; Polyetheretherketone; Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry; Polymers; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Polyetheretherketone; Mechanical properties; Hydroxyapatite; Composite; Patient-specific implant; Nano bioactive glass
• ISSN: 1751-6161; 1878-0180
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105964

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer is a widely accepted implantable biomaterial in the biomedical field. However, PEEK has a low elastic modulus (E-modulus) as well as a bio-inert nature which is not conductive to rapid bone cell attachment, hence, producing delayed or weak bone-implant integration. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) represent one of the strongest known materials that could be added to a polymer to improve its mechanical properties. Bioactive glasses (BGs) can form hydroxyapatite deposits on their surfaces and form a tight bond with the bone, thus, their incorporation into the PEEK matrix may improve its bioactivity.
Eight groups were formulated according to the type and percentage of modification of PEEK by MWCNTs and BGs. Group 1: Pure PEEK (P), Group 2: P + 3% MWCNTs (PC3), Group 3: P + 5% MWCNTs (PC5), Group 4: P + 5% BGs (PG5), Group 5: P + 10% BGs (PG10), Group 6: P + 3% MWCNTs + 5% BGs (PC3G5), Group 7: P + 3% MWCNTs + 10% BGs (PC3G10), and Group 8: P + 5% MWCNTs + 5% BGs (PC5G5). Characterization of the vacuum-pressed PEEK and PEEK composite specimens was done using FE-SEM, EDS, FT-IR and TF-XRD. Three-point load test was done to obtain the flexural strength (F.S) and the E-modulus of the specimens. Wettability was determined by measuring the contact angle with distilled water. In-vitro bioactivity was determined after immersion of specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF). Moreover, the effect of the specimens on osteoblastic cell viability was evaluated.
Three-point load test results have shown an improvement in both F.S. and E-modulus for groups PC5, PC3G5 and PC5G5. The lowest contact angle was obtained for group PC5G5 followed by the PC3G10 group. All specimens containing BGs showed the formation of hydroxyapatite-like deposits after their immersion in SBF, as well as an improvement in osteoblastic cell viability compared to PEEK.
PC3G10, PC3G5 and PG10, groups are promising for the fabrication of patient-specific implants that can be used in low-stress-bearing areas.
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•Nano-bioactive glass particles with a diameter of 50 nm were successfully incorporated into PEEK.•Vacuum pressing was used to form PEEK and PEEK-composite specimens.•The bioactivity of PEEK could be improved by adding both MWCNTs and nano-bioactive glass to PEEK.•PEEK composites containing nano-bioactive glass could be used as patient-specific implants.