Anthropogenic Factors Control the Distribution of a Southern Conifer Phytophthora Disease in a Peri-Urban Area of Northern Patagonia, Argentina

• Published in: Forests Vol. 11; no. 11; p. 1183
• Main Authors: Guillermo Giordana, Thomas Kitzberger, Ludmila La Manna
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 01-11-2020
• Subjects: Austrocedrus chilensis; mal del ciprés; Phytophthora austrocedri; soilborne pathogen
• ISSN: 1999-4907
• DOI: 10.3390/f11111183

Several mid-sized urban areas have established boundaries overlapping with the distribution of Austrocedruschilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri forests in Patagonia. These forests suffer a disease whose primary cause is the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri. This study analyzes the factors related to Austrocedrus disease in an urban and peri-urban environment, showing that anthropogenic factors related to Phytophthora dispersion predominantly influence the disease distribution. The study was developed in urban and suburban areas of San Carlos de Bariloche county (Río Negro Province, Argentina). A database of requests to fell A. chilensis trees, from the Forest Department of Río Negro Province, was cleaned up and improved through satellite images analysis and field sampling. Data were analyzed in order to set up a layer of Austrocedrus disease presence. From this layer, and from anthropogenic and environmental layers (distance to houses, distance to roads, precipitation, slope, aspect, altitude, distance to water courses), a risk model was developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. In turn, data from the field sampling were assessed by contingency tables and chi square analysis. The results show that disease occurrence in San Carlos de Bariloche county is associated with the insertion of the urban network over areas of native forests. Distance to houses, distance to roads and distance to gardens with irrigation were the most important variables associated with the disease occurrence. A risk model was generated for the study area, which shows the current risk situation for the disease. Urbanization’s advance over the forest modifies key variables related to Phytophthora dispersion, such as the distance from cypress trees to houses and roads, thus progressively increasing the area at risk of becoming diseased. Based on these results, plausible measures and actions are proposed.