Maintenance of a fruit colour polymorphism along an elevational gradient in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

• Published in: Oecologia Vol. 201; no. 1; pp. 83 - 90
• Main Authors: Lim, Ganges, Burns, K. C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2023; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Analysis; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Color; Colour; Damage tolerance; Dispersion; Ecology; Ericaceae; Foliage; Fruit; Fruits; Gaultheria; Genetic aspects; Germination; Hydrology/Water Resources; Life Sciences; Maintenance; New Zealand; Novae; Plant Leaves; Plant Sciences; Plant-Microbe-Animal Interactions–Original Research; Polymorphism; Seed germination; Ultraviolet radiation; New Zealand; Frugivore; New Zealand; Ultraviolet radiation; Fruit colour; Plant–animal interactions; Dispersal; Polymorphism
• ISSN: 0029-8549; 1432-1939
• DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05287-5

Many plants produce colour-polymorphic fruits. However, the processes responsible for the evolution and maintenance of fruit colour polymorphisms are poorly understood. We investigated the fruit colour polymorphism in
Gaultheria depressa var. novae-zealandiae
(Ericaceae), a predominantly bird-dispersed, alpine shrub from New Zealand, by testing whether colour morph frequencies vary geographically to maximise fruit-foliage colour contrasts. We also conducted a seed germination experiment to test whether fruit colour morphs vary in their susceptibility to UV damage. Results showed that ‘red’ fruits were more abundant at lower elevations, while ‘white’ fruits were predominant at higher elevations. Leaf colours shifted from ‘green’ in appearance at lower elevations to ‘red’ at higher elevations. Analyses of fruit-foliage colour contrasts showed that ‘red’ fruits were more conspicuous at lower elevations, and ‘white’ fruits were more conspicuous at higher elevations, which was consistent with the hypothesis that colour morph frequencies vary geographically to maximise their conspicuousness to dispersers. However, ‘red’ fruits were generally more conspicuous than ‘white’ fruits, regardless of elevation, indicating that the maintenance of the polymorphism could not be attributed to fruit-foliage colour contrasts alone. The seed germination experiment showed that ‘white’ fruits were more resistant to UV damage, suggesting the preponderance of ‘white’ fruited individuals in the landscape results from a greater degree of protection from UV damage. The fruit colour polymorphism in
Gaultheria depressa var. novae-zealandiae
therefore appears to be maintained by trade-offs between conspicuousness to dispersers and tolerance to UV damage, advocating a pluralistic approach to the problem in the future.