Alzheimer’s Disease in Diabetic Patients: A Lipidomic Prospect

• Published in: Neuroscience Vol. 530; pp. 79 - 94
• Main Authors: Makki, Bassel Eldeen, Rahman, Sarah
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 15-10-2023
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; diabetes mellitus; lipid peroxidation; lipidomics; diabetes mellitus; Alzheimer's disease; lipid peroxidation; lipidomics
• ISSN: 0306-4522; 1873-7544
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.033

•Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a risk factor for the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease.•Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are contributors in their pathophysiology.•Lipidomics gives an insight on the links between Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s.•Lipids could be used as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.•Research should be done to understand the lipidomic factors and their effects.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been two of the most common chronic diseases affecting people worldwide. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is a metabolic disease depicted by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic hyperglycemia while AD is a neurodegenerative disease marked by Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles aggregation, and tau phosphorylation. Various clinical, epidemiological, and lipidomics studies have linked those diseases claiming shared pathological pathways raising the assumption that diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing AD later in their lives. Insulin resistance is the tipping point beyond where advanced glycation end (AGE) products and free radicals are produced leading to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, different types of lipids are playing a crucial role in the development and the relationship between those diseases. Lipidomics, an analysis of lipid structure, formation, and interactions, evidently exhibits these lipid changes and their direct and indirect effect on Aβ synthesis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we have discussed the pathophysiology of T2DM and AD, the interconnecting pathological pathways they share, and the lipidomics where different lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sulfolipids contribute to the underlying features of both diseases. Understanding their role can be beneficial for diagnostic purposes or introducing new drugs to counter AD.