It's not (all) about efficiency: Powering and organizing technology from a degrowth perspective

• Published in: Journal of cleaner production Vol. 197; pp. 1787 - 1799
• Main Authors: Zoellick, Jan Cornelius, Bisht, Arpita
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01-10-2018
• ISSN: 0959-6526; 1879-1786
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.234

Transgressions of ecological boundaries and increasing social inequality question the paradigm of continual economic growth guided by technological efficiency - often cited as the only solution to these crises. This paper develops a critical and diversified viewpoint on technology for degrowth. ‘Classical perspectives’ of Illich's convivial society, Elull's critique of technique, Mumford's tools and machines, and Schumacher's critique of gigantic techno-infrastructures are explored and combined with Arendt's instrumentality of technologies and Marxist perspectives on ownership. Two questions are posed regarding technology. First, which technologies are 'suitable' for a degrowth context? Previous frameworks by Illich and Schumacher are extended by ecological aspects to assess the suitability of technologies. Second, how should 'suitable' technologies be structured to enable egalitarian utilization? Here, Schumacher's “intermediate technologies” and ownership are central elements. The frameworks and analysis add value for degrowth activists and bridge the gap scientifically between Marxist views and those of degrowth. In conclusion, technologies in degrowth are suitable if they reduce ecological impact, enhance autonomy and conviviality, and are structurally available in an egalitarian way based on open-access regimes. In the discussion further research questions are posed regarding transforming agents and power relations between grassroots and the state. Limitations of the framework include the role of digital technologies for communication, here treated as electric tools, and the focus on industrialized societies.
•Various philosophical positions on technology are introduced and discussed.•A framework to assess suitability of technologies for degrowth is developed.•Structures that support suitable technologies for degrowth are elaborated on.•A matrix to assess ownership of technologies in a degrowth context is discussed.•Questions of agency missing from the degrowth discourse are raised.