Unveiling the exceptional synergism-induced design of Co-Mg-Al layered triple hydroxides (LTHs) for boosting catalytic activity toward the green synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives under mild conditions

• Published in: Journal of colloid and interface science Vol. 599; pp. 227 - 244
• Main Authors: Hamad, Hesham A., Nageh, Hassan, El-Bery, Haitham M., Kasry, Amal, Carrasco-Marín, Francisco, Elhady, Omar M., Soliman, Ahmed M.M., El-Remaily, Mahmoud Abd El Aleem Ali Ali
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-10-2021
• Subjects: Catalyst’s recyclability; Co-Mg-Al LTHs system; Indole derivatives; Synergistic effect; Synthesis mechanism; Catalyst’s recyclability; Synergistic effect; Co-Mg-Al LTHs system; Indole derivatives; Synthesis mechanism
• ISSN: 0021-9797; 1095-7103
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.083

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The current study provides a novel insight into the role of synergism of the changes in Mg2+/ Al3+ in the best catalytic activity of indol-3-yl derivatives. A series of Co-Mg-Al layered triple hydroxides (LTHs) catalysts were produced by altering the Al3+/Mg2+ ratio with respect to Co2+. The physicochemical properties of LTHs were well characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, BET, Zeta-sizer, and VSM. The results show that the sample CMA4 (Co2+:Mg2+:Al3+ 2:4:4) is an exception to the physicochemical characteristics of the produced Co-Mg-Al LTHs, which is due to the synergism between the changes in Mg2+ and Al3+. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives from indole-3-carbaldehyde using Co-Mg-Al LTHs as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts, which is an extremely appealing path. The selectivity of the synthesis was studied by condensing various nucleophiles through the one-pot method that established superior reactivity under mild conditions. Notably, the results show that the Co-Mg-Al LTHs system exhibited an extraordinarily catalytic activity, with the highest yield (98%) being obtained under the following optimal conditions: the concentration of Co-Mg-Al LTHs = 5 mol%, 30 min., water/ethanol as solvent. Furthermore, the reusable studies exhibited that the catalysts were found to be stable and reusable for up to six cycles without substantial loss of catalytic activity. Finally, a plausible reaction mechanism of the Co-Mg-Al LTHs system for indol-3-yl derivatives was put forward according to our comprehensive analysis. Our work illuminates a cheap and flexible strategy for the synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives using Co-Mg-Al LTHs.