Developing a Short Multidimensional Measure of Pain Self-efficacy: The Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale-Short Form

• Published in: The Gerontologist Vol. 60; no. 3; pp. e127 - e136
• Main Authors: Cheng, Sheung-Tak, Chen, Phoon Ping, Chow, Yu Fat, Chung, Joanne W Y, Law, Alexander C B, Lee, Jenny S W, Leung, Edward M F, Tam, Cindy W C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 02-04-2020
• Subjects: Activities of Daily Living; Adaptation, Psychological; Age groups; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Chronic pain; Chronic Pain - psychology; Chronic Pain - therapy; Confirmatory factor analysis; Cultural groups; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Independent Living; Male; Measures; Mental depression; Mental health; Middle Aged; Older people; Pain; Pain management; Pain Management - psychology; Pain Measurement; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Regression Analysis; Reproducibility of Results; Research design; Self Efficacy; Surveys and Questionnaires - standards; Symptoms; Translating; China; Psychometrics; Functional disability; Pain intensity; Pain management
• ISSN: 0016-9013; 1758-5341
• DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz041

Abstract
Background and Objectives
The 22-item Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (CPSS) measures three domains of pain self-efficacy: pain management, physical functioning, and coping with symptoms. This study aims to develop a short form (CPSS-SF) that retains the multidimensional structure of the instrument.
Research Design and Methods
Six hundred sixty-four community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60–95 years with chronic pain completed a survey. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the 22-item CPSS. Regression analyses were performed to examine the items’ correlations with criterion variables. After CPSS-SF items were selected, the performance of CPSS-SF subscales in terms of accounting for pain-related outcomes was compared with the full version.
Results
CFA supported a modified 3-factor model of the CPSS. On the basis of factor loadings on the 3 dimensions and the items’ correlations with pain intensity and pain disability, 11 items were selected for the CPSS-SF, which correlated at .97 with the full version. Regression analyses showed that the associations of the CPSS-SF subscales with pain intensity, pain disability, depressive symptoms, instrumental activities of daily living, and physical and mental health-related quality of life, were indistinguishable from their full-version counterparts.
Discussion and Implications
The CPSS-SF is a valid instrument that can be used in lieu of the full scale. Its availability will facilitate the assessment of pain self-efficacy in research and clinical settings due to its brevity but strong psychometric properties. However, the current evidence is limited to Chinese older adults; more research is needed to ascertain its validity in other age and cultural groups.