Long-term in vivo degradation and biocompatibility of degradable pHEMA hydrogels containing graphene oxide

• Published in: Acta biomaterialia Vol. 173; pp. 351 - 364
• Main Authors: Moura, Duarte, Rohringer, Sabrina, Ferreira, Helena P, Pereira, Andreia T, Barrias, Cristina C, Magalhães, Fernão D, Bergmeister, Helga, Gonçalves, Inês C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 01-01-2024
• Subjects: Animals; Biocompatible Materials - chemistry; Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology; Graphite - pharmacology; Hydrogels - chemistry; Hydrogels - pharmacology; Inflammation; Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate - chemistry; Rats; Tissue Engineering; Graphene composites; Immune response; Blood contact devices; Biodegradable polymers; Tissue engineering applications; Rat subcutaneous implantation
• ISSN: 1742-7061; 1878-7568; 1878-7568
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.012

Developing biocompatible, non-fouling and biodegradable hydrogels for blood-contacting devices remains a demanding challenge. Such materials should promote natural healing, prevent clotting, and undergo controlled degradation. This study evaluates the biocompatibility and biodegradation of degradable poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (d-pHEMA) hydrogels with or without reinforcement with oxidized few-layer graphene (d-pHEMA/M5ox) in a long term implantation in rats, assessing non-desired side-effects (irritation, chronic toxicity, immune response). Subcutaneous implantation over 6 months revealed degradation of both hydrogels, despite slower for d-pHEMA/M5ox, with degradation products found in intracellular vesicles. No inflammation nor infection at implantation areas were observed, and no histopathological findings were detected in parenchymal organs. Immunohistochemistry confirmed d-pHEMA and d-pHEMA/M5ox highly anti-adhesiveness. Gene expression of macrophages markers revealed presence of both M1 and M2 macrophages at all timepoints. M1/M2 profile after 6 months reveals an anti-inflammatory environment, suggesting no chronic inflammation, as also demonstrated by cytokines (IL-α, TNF-α and IL-10) analysis. Overall, modification of pHEMA towards a degradable material was successfully achieved without evoking a loss of its inherent properties, specially its anti-adhesiveness and biocompatibility. Therefore, these hydrogels hold potential as blank-slate for further modifications that promote cellular adhesion/proliferation for tissue engineering applications, namely for designing blood contacting devices with different load bearing requirements. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biocompatibility, tunable biodegradation kinetics, and suitable immune response with lack of chronic toxicity and irritation, are key features in degradable blood contact devices that demand long-term exposure. We herein evaluate the 6-month in vivo performance of a degradable and hemocompatible anti-adhesive hydrogel based in pHEMA, and its mechanically reinforced formulation with few-layer graphene oxide. This subcutaneous implantation in a rat model, shows gradual degradation with progressive changes in material morphology, and no evidence of local inflammation in surrounding tissue, neither signs of inflammation or adverse reactions in systemic organs, suggesting biocompatibility of degradation products. Such hydrogels exhibit great potential as a blank slate for tissue engineering applications, including for blood contact, where cues for specific cells can be incorporated.