Growth modulation for angular knee deformities: a practical guideline

• Published in: Current opinion in pediatrics Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 110 - 117
• Main Authors: Braga, Susana Reis, Santili, Claudio, Rodrigues, Natasha Vogel Majewski, Soni, Jamil F., Green, Daniel W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 01-02-2023
• Subjects: Adolescent; Arthrodesis; Child; Humans; Knee Joint - abnormalities; Knee Joint - diagnostic imaging; Knee Joint - surgery; Radiography; Retrospective Studies
• ISSN: 1040-8703; 1531-698X
• DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001183

This study aimed to review the established concepts and advances related to growth modulation for treating knee angular deformities. Although they are considered well tolerated procedures, careful indications and accurate techniques are necessary to ensure good results.
In addition to general clinical and radiographic evaluations, new tools such as two-dimensional low-dose radiography and gait analysis have been used to clarify angular and torsional combinations and the impact of mild angulations on the knee joint. Temporary epiphysiodesis is commonly the choice, and it can be performed with different implants such as staples, tension band plates (TBP), percutaneous transphyseal screws (PETS), sutures, and screws.
Considering its principles, TBP has been preferred for younger children. Cost can be a limitation, and research for alternative implants such as screws and nonabsorbable sutures indicate they might be an alternative in the future. In adolescents, PETS becomes an attractive alternative; however, its reversible character has been controversial, and further studies are needed to establish limits in younger patients.