Low‐ and High‐Yield Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Potentiates Bone Loss During Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis

• Published in: Journal of periodontology (1970) Vol. 78; no. 4; pp. 730 - 735
• Main Authors: Nogueira‐Filho, Getúlio da R., Rosa, Bruno Trevisan, César‐Neto, João B., Tunes, Roberto S., Tunes, Urbino da R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chicago, IL American Academy of Periodontology 01-04-2007
• Subjects: Alveolar Bone Loss - chemically induced; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Carbon monoxide; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Facial bones, jaws, teeth, parodontium: diseases, semeiology; Immunosuppressive Agents - adverse effects; Male; Mandibular Diseases - chemically induced; Medical sciences; Nicotiana - chemistry; Nicotiana - toxicity; nicotine; Non tumoral diseases; Osteoporosis. Osteomalacia. Paget disease; Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology; periodontitis; Periodontitis - etiology; Rats; Rats, Wistar; smoke; Smoke - adverse effects; Tars - adverse effects; Rat; Stomatology; Rodentia; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; smoke; Dentistry; Inhalation; Cigarette; Alkaloid; Periodontal disease; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Ligature; Periodontitis; Animal; Carbon monoxide; rats; Osteopenia; Nicotine
• ISSN: 0022-3492; 1943-3670
• DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060323

Background: It is well recognized that cigarette consumption is a strong risk factor for periodontitis. Tobacco companies have developed a cigarette with low levels of toxic compounds; however, its effect on periodontium has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of smoke produced by low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes on bone loss resulting from ligature‐induced periodontitis.
Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats were used in the study. A ligature was placed around one of the mandibular first molars (ligated teeth) of each animal, and they were assigned randomly to one of three groups: group 1: control (N = 10), group 2: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by high‐yield cigarettes (N = 13), and group 3: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by low‐yield cigarettes (N = 13). The animals were sacrificed 30 days after ligature placement, and the specimens were processed for decalcified sections.
Results: Intergroup analysis of unligated teeth (without periodontal disease) did not show a significant difference regarding periodontal ligament area (2.40 ± 0.5 mm2, 2.72 ± 0.7 mm2, and 2.61 ± 0.4 mm2 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P >0.05). Conversely, significant differences were noted in ligated teeth (with periodontitis); bone loss was directly proportional to the level of toxic compounds in the cigarettes (5.74 ± 0.5 mm2, 7.40 ± 0.50 mm2, and 6.51 ± 0.50 mm2 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P <0.05).
Conclusion: Low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes potentiated bone loss during experimental periodontitis in a directly proportional fashion.