Kupffer Imaging by Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography With Perfluorobutane Microbubbles Is Associated With Outcomes After Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

• Published in: Journal of ultrasound in medicine Vol. 35; no. 2; pp. 359 - 371
• Main Authors: Nuta, Junya, Tamai, Hideyuki, Mori, Yoshiyuki, Shingaki, Naoki, Maeshima, Shuya, Shimizu, Ryo, Maeda, Yoshimasa, Moribata, Kosaku, Niwa, Toru, Deguchi, Hisanobu, Inoue, Izumi, Maekita, Takao, Iguchi, Mikitaka, Kato, Jun, Ichinose, Masao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 01-02-2016
• Subjects: Ablation Techniques; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - diagnostic imaging; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - surgery; Contrast Media; contrast‐enhanced sonography; Female; Fluorocarbons; gastrointestinal ultrasound; hepatocellular carcinoma; Humans; Kupffer Cells - diagnostic imaging; Kupffer phase; Liver Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; Liver Neoplasms - surgery; Male; Microbubbles; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; perfluorobutane; radiofrequency ablation; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Kupffer phase; gastrointestinal ultrasound; perfluorobutane; radiofrequency ablation; hepatocellular carcinoma; contrast-enhanced sonography
• ISSN: 0278-4297; 1550-9613
• DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.04067

Objectives
An ultrasound contrast agent consisting of perfluorobutane microbubbles (Sonazoid; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) accumulates in Kupffer cells, which thus enables Kupffer imaging. This study aimed to elucidate the association of defect patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography with outcomes after radiofrequency ablation (RFA).
Methods
For this study, 226 patients with initial hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma, who could be evaluated by contrast‐enhanced sonography with Sonazoid before RFA, were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the tumor defect pattern during the Kupffer phase. The irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had a defect with an irregular margin, and the no‐irregular‐defect group was defined as patients with hepatocellular carcinoma that had either a defect with a smooth margin or no defect. Critical recurrence was defined as more than 3 intrahepatic recurrences, vascular invasion, dissemination, or metastasis.
Results
The irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups included 86 and 140 patients, respectively, and had cumulative 5‐year critical recurrence rates of 49% and 17% (P < .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin– reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to critical recurrence. The cumulative 5‐year overall survival rates for the irregular‐defect and no‐irregular‐defect groups were 46% and 61% (P< .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that the Child‐Pugh class, tumor diameter, lens culinaris agglutinin–reactive α‐fetoprotein level, and defect pattern were independent factors related to survival.
Conclusions
The defect pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma during the Kupffer phase of Sonazoid contrast‐enhanced sonography is associated with critical recurrence and survival after RFA.