Preoperative assessment of dominant occipital sinus in patients with Chiari malformation type I: anatomical variations and implications for preventing potentially life-threatening surgical complications

• Published in: Journal of neurosurgery Vol. 138; no. 2; pp. 540 - 549
• Main Authors: Tochigi, Satoru, Isoshima, Akira, Ohashi, Hiroki, Kawamura, Daichi, Karagiozov, Kostadin, Hatano, Keisuke, Ohashi, So, Nagashima, Hiroyasu, Murayama, Yuichi, Abe, Toshiaki
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01-02-2023
• Subjects: Arnold-Chiari Malformation - complications; Arnold-Chiari Malformation - diagnostic imaging; Arnold-Chiari Malformation - surgery; Cranial Sinuses - diagnostic imaging; Cranial Sinuses - surgery; Decompression, Surgical - methods; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Syringomyelia - etiology; Treatment Outcome; foramen magnum decompression; duraplasty; Chiari malformation type I; occipital sinus
• ISSN: 0022-3085; 1933-0693
• DOI: 10.3171/2022.5.JNS212973

The surgical treatment of Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) frequently involves dural incision at the posterior cranial fossa. In cases of persistent patent occipital sinus (OS), the sinus is usually obliterated and divided. However, there are some patients whose OS is prominent and requires crucial modification of the operative planning to avoid potentially life-threatening massive hemorrhage and disturbance of cerebral venous circulation. In the present study, the anatomical variations of the dominant OS in patients with CM-I were analyzed and the authors attempted to develop treatment recommendations for patients with CM-I with dominant OS.
The study included 213 patients with CM-I who underwent MR venography (MRV) prior to surgical treatment. OS dominance was assessed using 2D time-of-flight MRV or 3D phase-contrast MRV. Particular attention was paid to the pattern of venous outflow channels. The characteristics of the patients with dominant OS and the surgical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed.
Dominant OS was identified in 7 patients (3.3%). The age in those with dominant OS was significantly younger than in those without (p = 0.0202). The incidence of concurrent scoliosis in the patients with dominant OS was significantly higher than in those without (p = 0.0366). All the dominant OSs were found to be of the oblique type. Unilateral oblique OS (OOS) with normal ipsilateral transverse sinus (TS) and hypoplastic contralateral TS was found in 2 patients (0.9%). The authors found 1 patient each (0.5%) who had unilateral OOS with hypoplastic ipsilateral TS and normal contralateral TS, unilateral OOS with bilateral hypoplastic TSs, and bilateral OOSs with bilateral normal TSs. Bilateral OOSs with bilateral hypoplastic TSs were found in 2 patients (0.9%). All these patients had syringomyelia. Instead of performing Y-shaped dural incision and duraplasty, surgical procedures were modified depending on the types of the OOSs to preserve their venous drainage routes. Although massive bleeding from the dominant OS during dural incision occurred in 1 patient, none suffered neurological deterioration. The syrinx volume decreased in all but 1 of the patients postoperatively.
Assessment of the venous drainage pattern using MRV is indispensable for safe surgical treatment in patients with CM-I. The surgical procedure should be modified based on the type of dominant OS to minimize the surgical risks.