Negative Temperature Differential in Preterm Infants Less Than 29 Weeks Gestational Age: Associations With Infection and Maternal Smoking

• Published in: Nursing research (New York) Vol. 66; no. 6; pp. 442 - 453
• Main Authors: Knobel-Dail, Robin B, Sloane, Richard, Holditch-Davis, Diane, Tanaka, David T
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ovid Technologies 01-11-2017
• Subjects: African Americans; Age of onset; Biological markers; Body Temperature; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothermia; Hypothermia - diagnosis; Hypothermia - etiology; Hypothermia - prevention & control; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases - etiology; Infant, Premature, Diseases - prevention & control; Infants; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Male; Morbidity; Mortality; Mothers; Newborn babies; Nursing; Pregnancy; Premature babies; Premature birth; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - etiology; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - prevention & control; Prognosis; Race; Smoking; Smoking - epidemiology
• ISSN: 0029-6562; 1538-9847
• DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000250

Hypothermia is related to increased morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants; continuous temperature monitoring is necessary. Thermoregulation is limited in preterm infants.
The purpose of the research was to assess and describe negative temperature differential (NTD) and assess the associations of NTD with infant demographic characteristics, medical history, and clinical events.
An exploratory, case study design was used. Abdominal and foot temperature was measured every minute over the first 2 weeks of life in 22 preterm infants at less than 29 weeks gestational age.
All infants experienced NTD. Daily NTD in all infants across all study days ranged from 0 to 70.7%; 2-week mean NTD over all infants ranged from 7.3% to 38.5%. Four infants treated for late onset of infection had a higher NTD than 18 infants without infection (M = 27.8%, SD = 9.52 vs. M = 16.4%, SD = 5.34, p < .05). Although not statistically significant, higher mean percentage of NTD was noted in infants having early onset infection (24.1% vs. 16.4%), African American race (20.0% vs. 15.3%), and/or being born to a mother who smoked during pregnancy (26.6% vs. 16.7%).
A larger study is needed to examine associations between NTD and race, maternal smoking history, and infection. NTD might be used as a biomarker to guide acute clinical care and identify infants at risk for acute and chronic morbidity.