Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehicles

• Published in: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems Vol. 23; no. 2; pp. 740 - 759
• Main Author: Aradi, Szilard
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-02-2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Artificial intelligence; Autonomous vehicles; Car following; Computational modeling; Decision making; Deep learning; Driving; Environment models; Lane keeping; Learning (artificial intelligence); Machine learning; Motion planning; Neural networks; Planning; reinforcement learning; Standardization; Trajectory; Trajectory control; Trajectory planning
• ISSN: 1524-9050; 1558-0016
• DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2020.3024655

Academic research in the field of autonomous vehicles has reached high popularity in recent years related to several topics as sensor technologies, V2X communications, safety, security, decision making, control, and even legal and standardization rules. Besides classic control design approaches, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning methods are present in almost all of these fields. Another part of research focuses on different layers of Motion Planning, such as strategic decisions, trajectory planning, and control. A wide range of techniques in Machine Learning itself have been developed, and this article describes one of these fields, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The paper provides insight into the hierarchical motion planning problem and describes the basics of DRL. The main elements of designing such a system are the modeling of the environment, the modeling abstractions, the description of the state and the perception models, the appropriate rewarding, and the realization of the underlying neural network. The paper describes vehicle models, simulation possibilities and computational requirements. Strategic decisions on different layers and the observation models, e.g., continuous and discrete state representations, grid-based, and camera-based solutions are presented. The paper surveys the state-of-art solutions systematized by the different tasks and levels of autonomous driving, such as car-following, lane-keeping, trajectory following, merging, or driving in dense traffic. Finally, open questions and future challenges are discussed.