Predictors of Psychological Distress in Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 8; p. 4927
• Main Authors: Schwab, Roxana, Stewen, Kathrin, Ost, Laura, Kottmann, Tanja, Theis, Susanne, Elger, Tania, Schmidt, Mona Wanda, Anic, Katharina, Kalb, Stefanie Roxana, Brenner, Walburgis, Hasenburg, Annette
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 18-04-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Activities of daily living; Age; Anxiety - epidemiology; Anxiety - psychology; Anxiety disorders; Chronic Pain - epidemiology; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Depression - epidemiology; Disease prevention; Endometriosis; Endometriosis - epidemiology; Evaluation; Female; Generalized anxiety disorder; Health care; Health risks; Humans; Likert scale; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mental health; Pain; Pandemics; Patients; Population; Psychological Distress; Psychological stress; Public health; Quarantine; Questionnaires; Resilience; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Sexual behavior; Social distancing; Social networks; Statistical analysis; Variables; Womens health; COVID-19; chronic pain; mental health; endometriosis; quarantine; pain-induced disability; resilience
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084927

Background: Endometriosis is a multifaceted chronic pain condition that can have a negative impact on mental health. Patients suffering from chronic pain may face an additional psychological burden during adversity, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety, the influence of demographic, endometriosis-specific, pandemic-specific factors, and resilience on mental health outcomes of patients with endometriosis. Methods: An online survey was conducted through patient support groups of women suffering from endometriosis during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The PHQ-4 questionnaire, which combines two items of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ-2) and two items from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2) was used to assess self-reported mental health. The Brief Resilience Score (BRS) was employed to evaluate resilience. Independent risk and protective factors for mental health were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: The PHQ-4 questionnaire was completed by 274 respondents. More than 40% reached depression (PHQ-2) and anxiety (GAD-2) scores of ≥3, and more than 20% achieved PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of ≥5. High resilience was found to be a reliable and strong independent protector for the probability of developing adverse psychological outcomes: OR 0.295, p < 0.001 for developing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-2 ≥ 3), and OR 0.467, p < 0.001 for having major depression (PHQ-2 ≥ 3). Conclusions: Pain-induced disability is an independent risk factor for developing major depression and anxiety, while resilience was identified as a potential protective parameter in terms of positive psychological outcomes in women with endometriosis. The results of this study may help to identify women at risk for adverse mental health outcomes and should encourage healthcare practitioners to establish strategies for the reduction of negative psychological and psychiatric impacts on patients with endometriosis.