Current therapeutic interventions combating biofilm-related infections in orthopaedics a systematic review of in vivo animal studies

• Published in: Bone & joint research Vol. 11; no. 10; pp. 700 - 714
• Main Authors: Li, Jie, Cheung, Wing-Hoi, Chow, Simon K., Ip, Margaret, Leung, Sharon Y. S., Wong, Ronald M. Y.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery 01-10-2022; The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery
• Subjects: Animal models; Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Biofilm; Biofilms; Bone implants; Controlled release; Degenerative Spine Disease; Eradication; Fracture-related infection; Infections; Mechanical loading; Meta-Analysis; Orthopaedic infection; Orthopedics; Osteomyelitis; Periprosthetic joint infection; Scanning electron microscopy; Systematic Review; Therapeutic applications; Total Disc Replacement; Vancomycin
• ISSN: 2046-3758; 2046-3758
• DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1110.BJR-2021-0495.R3

Aims
Biofilm-related infection is a major complication that occurs in orthopaedic surgery. Various treatments are available but efficacy to eradicate infections varies significantly. A systematic review was performed to evaluate therapeutic interventions combating biofilm-related infections on in vivo animal models.
Methods
Literature research was performed on PubMed and Embase databases. Keywords used for search criteria were “bone AND biofilm”. Information on the species of the animal model, bacterial strain, evaluation of biofilm and bone infection, complications, key findings on observations, prevention, and treatment of biofilm were extracted.
Results
A total of 43 studies were included. Animal models used included fracture-related infections (ten studies), periprosthetic joint infections (five studies), spinal infections (three studies), other implant-associated infections, and osteomyelitis. The most common bacteria were Staphylococcus species. Biofilm was most often observed with scanning electron microscopy. The natural history of biofilm revealed that the process of bacteria attachment, proliferation, maturation, and dispersal would take 14 days. For systemic mono-antibiotic therapy, only two of six studies using vancomycin reported significant biofilm reduction, and none reported eradication. Ten studies showed that combined systemic and topical antibiotics are needed to achieve higher biofilm reduction or eradication, and the effect is decreased with delayed treatment. Overall, 13 studies showed promising therapeutic potential with surface coating and antibiotic loading techniques.
Conclusion
Combined topical and systemic application of antimicrobial agents effectively reduces biofilm at early stages. Future studies with sustained release of antimicrobial and biofilm-dispersing agents tailored to specific pathogens are warranted to achieve biofilm eradication. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(10):700–714.