Investigating the Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil Constituents and Their Mode of Action

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 29; no. 17; p. 4119
• Main Authors: Noui Mehidi, Ilham, Ait Ouazzou, Abdenour, Tachoua, Wafa, Hosni, Karim
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 30-08-2024
• Subjects: Acyclic Monoterpenes - chemistry; Acyclic Monoterpenes - pharmacology; Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; antibacterial activity; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Bacteria; Chemical elements; E coli; Enzymes; Escherichia coli - drug effects; essential oils; Food preservation; Hydrocarbons; Injuries; Ligands; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microorganisms; molecular docking; Molecular Docking Simulation; Multidrug resistant organisms; Oils & fats; Oils, Volatile - chemistry; Oils, Volatile - pharmacology; Penicillin; Population decline; Proteins; repair; sublethal injury; antibacterial activity; repair; molecular docking; essential oils; sublethal injury
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174119

Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts, rich in beneficial chemical compounds, have diverse applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and agriculture. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of nine essential oil constituents (EOCs) against
, focusing on the effects of treatment pH and biosynthetic requirements. The impact of EOCs on bacterial inactivation in
strains was examined using both nonselective and selective culture media. Computer-assisted drug design (CADD) methods were employed to identify critical binding sites and predict the main binding modes of ligands to proteins. The EOCs, including citral, α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, and linalool, demonstrated significant bacterial inactivation, particularly under acidic conditions. This study revealed that EOCs have an effect on the presence of sublethal damage to both the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Adding penicillin G to the repair medium prevents the recovery of sublethal injuries in
treated with α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, linalool, and citral, indicating that peptidoglycan synthesis is essential for recovering from these injuries. However, penicillin G did not hinder the recovery process of most sublethally injured cells treated with the other assessed EOCs. Molecular docking studies revealed the favorable binding interactions of α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, linalool, and citral with the β-lactamase enzyme Toho-1, indicating their potential as effective antibacterial agents. The findings suggest that EOCs could serve as viable alternatives to synthetic preservatives, offering new strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.