Is Low-Titer Group O Whole Blood Truly a Universal Blood Product?

• Published in: Journal of the American College of Surgeons Vol. 236; no. 3; p. 506
• Main Authors: Brill, Jason B, Mueck, Krislynn M, Tang, Brian, Sandoval, Mariela, Cotton, Madeline E, Cameron McCoy, C, Cotton, Bryan A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01-03-2023
• Subjects: ABO Blood-Group System; Adult; Blood Transfusion; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Male; Resuscitation; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Trauma Centers; Wounds and Injuries - complications; Wounds and Injuries - diagnosis; Wounds and Injuries - therapy
• ISSN: 1072-7515; 1879-1190
• DOI: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000000489

Whole blood was historically transfused as a type-specific product. Given recent advocacy for low-titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) as a universal blood product, we examined outcomes after LTOWB transfusion stratified by recipient blood groups.
Adult trauma patients receiving prehospital or in-hospital transfusion of LTOWB (November 2017 to July 2020) at a single trauma center were prospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into blood type groups (O, A, B, and AB). Major complications and survival to 30 days were compared. Univariate analyses among blood groups were followed by purposeful regression modeling, reflecting 6 variables of significance: male sex, White race, injury severity, arrival lactate, arrival systolic blood pressure, and emergency department blood products.
Of 1,075 patients receiving any LTOWB, 539 (50.1%) were Group O, 340 (31.6%) were Group A, 150 (14.0%) were Group B, and 46 (4.3%) were Group AB. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics, injury severity, hemolysis panels, prehospital vitals, or resuscitation parameters (all p > 0.05). However, arrival systolic pressure was lower (91 vs 102, p = 0.034) and lactate was worse (5.5 vs 4.1, p = 0.048) in Group B patients compared to other groups. While survival and most major complications did not differ across recipient groups, acute kidney injury (AKI) initially appeared higher for Group B. Stepwise regression did not show a difference in AKI rates. This analysis was repeated in patients receiving only component products. Group B again showed no significantly increased risk of AKI (13%) compared to other groups (O 7%, A 7%, AB 5%; p = 0.091).
LTOWB appears to be a safe product for universal use across all blood groups. Group B recipients arrived with worse physiologic values associated with hemorrhagic shock whether receiving LTOWB or standard component products.