Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Highly Exposed PM2.5 Urbanites: The Risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Mexico City Residents

• Published in: Journal of Alzheimer's disease Vol. 54; no. 2; p. 597
• Main Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian, Avila-Ramírez, José, Calderón-Garcidueñas, Ana, González-Heredia, Tonatiuh, Acuña-Ayala, Hilda, Chao, Chih-Kai, Thompson, Charles, Ruiz-Ramos, Rubén, Cortés-González, Victor, Martínez-Martínez, Luz, García-Pérez, Mario Alberto, Reis, Jacques, Mukherjee, Partha S, Torres-Jardón, Ricardo, Lachmann, Ingolf
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands 06-09-2016
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Air Pollution - adverse effects; alpha-Synuclein - cerebrospinal fluid; Alzheimer Disease - cerebrospinal fluid; Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis; Alzheimer Disease - epidemiology; Amyloid beta-Peptides - cerebrospinal fluid; Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - cerebrospinal fluid; Child; Cities - epidemiology; Humans; Mexico - epidemiology; Parkinson Disease - cerebrospinal fluid; Parkinson Disease - diagnosis; Parkinson Disease - epidemiology; Particulate Matter - adverse effects; Peptide Fragments - cerebrospinal fluid; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Urban Population; Young Adult; Alzheimer’s disease; insulin; BDNF; leptin; Parkinson; amyloid-β1–42; children; PM2.5; cerebrospinal fluid; prion cellular protein; Air pollution; Mexico City; α-synuclein
• ISSN: 1875-8908
• DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160472

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, while Mn toxicity induces parkinsonism. Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) children have pre- and postnatal sustained and high exposures to PM2.5, O3, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Young MCMA residents exhibit frontal tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ)1 - 42 diffuse plaques, and aggregated and hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein in olfactory nerves and key brainstem nuclei. We measured total prion protein (TPrP), total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-Tau), Aβ1-42, α-synuclein (t-α-syn and d-α-synuclein), BDNF, insulin, leptin, and/or inflammatory mediators, in 129 normal CSF samples from MCMA and clean air controls. Aβ1-42 and BDNF concentrations were significantly lower in MCMA children versus controls (p = 0.005 and 0.02, respectively). TPrP increased with cumulative PM2.5 up to 5 μg/m3 and then decreased, regardless of cumulative value or age (R2 = 0.56). TPrP strongly correlated with T-Tau and P-Tau, while d-α-synuclein showed a significant correlation with TNFα, IL10, and IL6 in MCMA children. Total synuclein showed an increment in childhood years related to cumulated PM2.5, followed by a decrease after age 12 years (R2 = 0.47), while d-α-synuclein exhibited a tendency to increase with cumulated PM2.5 (R2 = 0.30). CSF Aβ1-42, BDNF, α-synuclein, and TPrP changes are evolving in young MCMA urbanites historically showing underperformance in cognitive processes, odor identification deficits, downregulation of frontal cellular PrP, and neuropathological AD and PD hallmarks. Neuroprotection of young MCMA residents ought to be a public health priority.