Flow-related right ventricular to pulmonary arterial pressure gradients during exercise

• Published in: Cardiovascular research Vol. 115; no. 1; pp. 222 - 229
• Main Authors: Wright, Stephen P, Opotowsky, Alexander R, Buchan, Tayler A, Esfandiari, Sam, Granton, John T, Goodman, Jack M, Mak, Susanna
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01-01-2019
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological; Arterial Pressure; Cardiac Output; Exercise; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Pulmonary Artery - physiology; Pulmonary Circulation; Time Factors; Vascular Resistance; Ventricular Function, Right; Ventricular Pressure; Pulmonary vascular; Cardiac catheterization; Normals; Right ventricle; Exercise testing; Haemodynamics; Pulmonary hypertension
• ISSN: 0008-6363; 1755-3245
• DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy138

Abstract
Aims
The assumption of equivalence between right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure is fundamental to several assessments of RV or pulmonary vascular haemodynamic function. Our aims were to (i) determine whether systolic pressure gradients develop across the RV outflow tract in healthy adults during exercise, (ii) examine the potential correlates of such gradients, and (iii) consider the effect of such gradients on calculated indices of RV function.
Methods and results
Healthy untrained and endurance-trained adult volunteers were studied using right-heart catheterization at rest and during submaximal cycle ergometry. RV and pulmonary artery (PA) pressures were simultaneously transduced, and the cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. Systolic pressures, peak and mean gradients, and indices of chamber, vascular, and valve function were analysed offline. Summary data are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). No significant RV outflow tract gradients were observed at rest [mean gradient = 4 (3–5) mmHg], and the calculated effective orifice area was 3.6 ± 1.0 cm2. The increase in right ventricular systolic pressure during exercise was greater than the PA systolic pressure. Accordingly, mean gradients were developed during light exercise [8 (7–9) mmHg] and increased during moderate exercise [12 (9–14) mmHg, P < 0.001]. The magnitude of the mean gradient was linearly related to the cardiac output (r2 = 0.70, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
In healthy adults without pulmonic stenosis, systolic pressure gradients develop during exercise, and the magnitude is related to the blood flow rate.