Relationship among Extrusion Conditions, Cell Morphology, and Properties of Starch‐Based Foams—A Review

• Published in: Starch - Stärke Vol. 75; no. 1-2
• Main Authors: Dircio‐Morales, Marco Antonio, Fonseca‐Florido, Heidi Andrea, Velazquez, Gonzalo, Ávila‐Orta, Carlos Alberto, Ramos‐De Valle, Luis Francisco, Hernández‐Gámez, Francisco, Rivera‐Salinas, Jorge Enrique, Soriano‐Corral, Florentino
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Weinheim Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-01-2023
• Subjects: Additives; Amylose; Biodegradation; Biopolymers; Bulk density; Cell morphology; Cytology; density; Environmental impact; expansion ratio; extrusion conditions; Extrusion rate; Foams; Heat transfer; High pressure; Moisture content; Morphology; Packaging; Plastic foam; Polymers; Polystyrene; Polystyrene resins; Production costs; Starch; starch‐based foams; Water content
• ISSN: 0038-9056; 1521-379X
• DOI: 10.1002/star.202200103

Environmental impact concern of conventional polymer foams has attracted considerable interest for the development of natural‐based polymer foams. Starch is a biopolymer that is gaining acceptability due to its renewability, availability, environmental biodegradation, and low cost. Extrusion is particularly desirable to produce starch‐based foams because it can produce a homogeneous mixing, high heat transfer, high pressure, reduction of the residence time, and low production costs. This review explains the transformation of starch during the foam processing and their relationship with extrusion conditions such as water content, barrel temperature, screw configuration and speed, die temperature, and die dimensions and how all these factors impact on the cell morphology, apparent density, expansion ratio, and final properties of starch‐based foams. The strategies to reduce water sensitivity are described, as well as the effect of amylose content and the addition of additives to improve the starch‐based foams performance as alternative for expanded polystyrene. The extrusion processing conditions can be controlled to obtain the desirable properties for specific applications such as cushioning, packaging, and loose‐fill, among others. Also, a brief look at the starch‐based foams trends, challenges, and perspectives are also discussed.
Starch‐based foams are an alternative as a substitute for synthetic plastics. Water acts as both plasticized and foaming agent impacting on viscoelastic behavior. Rheological and morphological properties are influenced by extrusion conditions.