Development of metrological models for internal standard single-point and multi-point calibrations for the assessment of tear gas weapons compliance with legislation

• Published in: Accreditation and quality assurance Vol. 17; no. 2; pp. 115 - 127
• Main Authors: Silveira, Daniel M., Salgueiro, Pedro A. S., Camões, M. Filomena G. F. C., Bettencourt da Silva, Ricardo J. N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01-04-2012; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aerosols; Analytical Chemistry; Biochemistry; Calibration; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Chromatography; Commercial Law; Compliance; Dilution; Ecotoxicology; Food Science; General Paper; Legislation; Marketing; Mass spectrometry; Quality control; Quality standards; Riot control; Scientific imaging; Security forces; Uncertainty; Weapons; Tear gas weapons; Single-point calibration; Uncertainty; Multi-point calibration; Capsaicin; Internal standard
• ISSN: 0949-1775; 1432-0517
• DOI: 10.1007/s00769-011-0861-3

Tear gases are the most widely used non-lethal weapons, both by security forces and by the general public. The pepper spray, whose active agent is capsaicin, is the only self-defence aerosol allowed in Portugal, where capsaicin concentration must be below 5 g/100 mL. The cost-effective evaluation of the compliance of self-defence weapons with legislation involves the use of two measurement procedures with increasing quantitative capability. Samples are first assessed by preliminary measurement procedure based on single-point GC–MS calibration. Whenever the measurement uncertainty from this assessment makes evaluation inconclusive, the evaluation of sample compliance using multi-point GC–MS calibration is performed. Metrological models including sound criteria for the evaluation of sample compliance with legislation were developed for both measurement procedures. Such models include the evaluation of the impact of instrumental performance, calibration model, sample dilution and standards preparation on measurement uncertainty. The relative expanded uncertainty, in the studied range (capsaicin 3–7 g/100 mL), of measurements supported in single-point calibrations ranged from 10 to 22% and the ones supported on multi-point calibrations from 8 to 12% depending on capsaicin concentration and daily GC–MS repeatability. Measurements are fit for the intended use since they present a relative expanded uncertainty smaller than a target value of 30, or 15%, for measurements supported in single- or multi-point calibrations, respectively.