An optical color image watermarking scheme by using compressive sensing with human visual characteristics in gyrator domain

• Published in: Optics and lasers in engineering Vol. 92; pp. 85 - 93
• Main Authors: Liansheng, Sui, Bei, Zhou, Zhanmin, Wang, Ailing, Tian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01-05-2017
• Subjects: Compressive sensing; Gyrator transform; Optical watermarking; Gyrator transform; Optical watermarking; Compressive sensing
• ISSN: 0143-8166; 1873-0302
• DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.01.003

A novel optical color image watermarking scheme considering human visual characteristics is presented in gyrator transform domain. Initially, an appropriate reference image is constructed of significant blocks chosen from the grayscale host image by evaluating visual characteristics such as visual entropy and edge entropy. Three components of the color watermark image are compressed based on compressive sensing, and the corresponding results are combined to form the grayscale watermark. Then, the frequency coefficients of the watermark image are fused into the frequency data of the gyrator-transformed reference image. The fused result is inversely transformed and partitioned, and eventually the watermarked image is obtained by mapping the resultant blocks into their original positions. The scheme can reconstruct the watermark with high perceptual quality and has the enhanced security due to high sensitivity of the secret keys. Importantly, the scheme can be implemented easily under the framework of double random phase encoding with the 4f optical system. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on embedding the color watermark into the grayscale host image which will be out of attacker's expectation. Simulation results are given to verify the feasibility and its superior performance in terms of noise and occlusion robustness.
•The color watermark is embedded into the significant blocks of host image based on visual characteristics.•The proposed scheme can reconstruct the watermark with high perceptual quality.•The initial values of logistic maps and rotation angles with high sensitivity are considered as the secret keys.•The proposed scheme can be implemented easily under the framework of DRPE.