Ancient Conflagration: a Reconstruction of a Middle Formative Fire at the Chiripa Mound, Bolivia

• Published in: Journal of archaeological method and theory Vol. 31; no. 2; pp. 316 - 368
• Main Authors: Goodman-Elgar, Melissa A., Langlie, BrieAnna S., Davenport, Nichole S., Moore, Katherine M., Hastorf, Christine A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-06-2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Accidents; Anthropology; Archaeology; Arson; Bones; Geoarchaeology; Political change; Social environment; Social Sciences; Temperature; Bolivia; Paleoethnobotany; Andes; Geoarchaeology; Formative; Ritual burning
• ISSN: 1072-5369; 1573-7764
• DOI: 10.1007/s10816-023-09605-w

In this study, we assess competing interpretations of a burnt ceremonial structure from the terminal Middle Formative period (ca. 300–100 BCE) by analyzing the stepped platform mound at Chiripa, Bolivia, through a systematic reconstruction of the fire that destroyed it. We developed a model of potential fire pathways, their social contexts, and material indicators. Our approach contrasts
incipient
fires from accident or arson to
planned
fires initiated for functional or social ends. We assessed these pathways for the Chiripa mound fire through experimental, geoarchaeological, faunal, and botanical data. Experiments were aimed at deducing the temperature, duration, and oxidation conditions of the fire. The fire temperature and duration were approximated from geoarchaeological analyses of construction materials in comparison with controls, and thermal alteration of faunal bone. Fuels were reconstructed through paleoethnobotanical analysis of charred remains from discrete areas within the burnt structure. We conclude that an intentional fire burned the structures on the Chiripa mound to temperatures of 700 °C or higher under oxidizing conditions for several hours. The pattern of heat-altered materials recovered would have required a substantial supplemental fuel load. At the 3840 masl elevation of Chiripa, the effective control of a high temperature oxidizing fire demonstrates technical expertise in fire management. Our findings indicate the fire appears intentional, likely a ritual event. We believe the structures were burned to facilitate a socio-political change during a period of social transition at the end of the Middle Formative period in Bolivia.