The response of Anisakis simplex (s. s.) to anthelmintics - Specific changes in xenobiotic metabolic processes

• Published in: Experimental parasitology Vol. 261; p. 108751
• Main Authors: Stryiński, Robert, Polak, Iwona, Gawryluk, Anna, Rosa, Paweł, Łopieńska-Biernat, Elżbieta
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-06-2024
• Subjects: ABC transporters; Actins - drug effects; Actins - genetics; Actins - metabolism; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakiasis - parasitology; Anisakiasis - veterinary; Anisakis; Anisakis - drug effects; Anisakis - genetics; Anisakis - growth & development; Anthelmintics - pharmacology; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - metabolism; Catalase - drug effects; Catalase - genetics; Catalase - metabolism; Fish Diseases - parasitology; Fishes - parasitology; Gene Expression - drug effects; Glutathione Transferase - genetics; Glutathione Transferase - metabolism; Ivermectin; Ivermectin - pharmacology; Larva - drug effects; Larva - genetics; Oxidative stress; Pyrantel; Pyrantel - pharmacology; Receptors, Nicotinic - drug effects; Receptors, Nicotinic - genetics; Receptors, Nicotinic - metabolism; Superoxide Dismutase - drug effects; Superoxide Dismutase - genetics; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Xenobiotics - metabolism; Xenobiotics - pharmacology; Oxidative stress; ABC transporters; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Pyrantel; Ivermectin
• ISSN: 0014-4894; 1090-2449
• DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108751

Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish and cephalopods that are infected with larvae of Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) or Anisakis pegreffii. The purpose of this study was to investigate how A. simplex (s. s.) responds to the influence of anthelmintics such as ivermectin (IVM) and pyrantel (PYR). In vitro experiments were conducted using larvae at two developmental stages of A. simplex (s. s.) (L3 and L4) obtained from Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras). Larvae were cultured with different concentrations of IVM or PYR (1.56, 3.125, and 6.25 μg/mL) for various durations (3, 6, 9, and 12 h) under anaerobic conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2). The gene expression of actin, ABC transporter, antioxidant enzymes, γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as the oxidative status were analyzed. The results showed that A. simplex (s. s.) L3 stage had lower mobility when cultured with PYR compared to IVM. The analysis of relative gene expression revealed significant differences in the mRNA level of ABC transporters after treatment with IVM and PYR, compared to the control group. Similar patterns were observed in the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in response to both drugs. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were higher in the treatment groups than in the control group. These findings suggest a relationship between the expression of the studied genes, including those related to oxidative metabolism, and the effectiveness of the tested drugs.
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•The efficacy of tested anthelmintics, ivermectin and pyrantel, in A. simplex (s. s.) is not clear.•The differential response of L3 and L4 stages makes it possible to regulate drug use at different times of infection.•The results obtained suggest an ambiguous response of the drug receptors, with oxidative metabolism playing a crucial role.