Distinguishing Goldenhar Syndrome from Craniofacial Microsomia

• Published in: The Journal of craniofacial surgery Vol. 26; no. 6; pp. 1887 - 1892
• Main Authors: Tuin, Jorien, Tahiri, Youssef, Paliga, James T, Taylor, Jesse A, Bartlett, Scott P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01-09-2015
• Subjects: Child; Cohort Studies; Craniofacial Abnormalities - diagnosis; Dentistry; Dermoid Cyst - diagnosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear, External - abnormalities; Eyelid Neoplasms - diagnosis; Facial Nerve Diseases - diagnosis; Female; Goldenhar Syndrome - diagnosis; Heart Defects, Congenital - diagnosis; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods; Kidney - abnormalities; Macrostomia - diagnosis; Male; Mandible - abnormalities; Orbit - abnormalities; Retrospective Studies; Spine - abnormalities; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - methods; Tracheostomy - statistics & numerical data
• ISSN: 1049-2275; 1536-3732
• DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000002017

Goldenhar syndrome is characterized by the typical features of craniofacial microsomia (CFM) with the addition of epibulbar dermoids and vertebral anomalies. The aim of this study is to examine the objective differences between patients carrying a diagnosis of Goldenhar syndrome to those diagnosed with CFM. Thus, we performed an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective chart review on all patients who presented with a diagnosis of CFM or Goldenhar syndrome from January 1990 to December 2012. Demographic, diagnosis, OMENS+ classification, accompanying diagnoses, and radiographic data were collected. For subjective analysis, subgroups were designed based on the diagnosis Goldenhar syndrome or CFM per history. For objective analysis, subgroups were designed based on the presence of epibulbar dermoids and/or vertebral anomalies. The cohorts were compared with respect to associated medical abnormalities and severity of CFM features. One hundred thirty eight patients met inclusion criteria. Epibulbar dermoids and vertebral anomalies were seen in 17% and 34% of the patients, respectively. Only 10 patients (7.2%) had both epibulbar dermoids and vertebral anomalies. The subjective "Goldenhar" group (N = 44, 32%) was found to have a higher percentage of bilaterally affected patients (P = 0.001), a more severe mandibular deformity (P = <0.001), a more severe soft tissue deformity (P = 0.01), and a higher incidence of macrostomia (P = 0.003). In the objective subgroup analysis, the only significant difference was found in the degree of soft tissue deficiency (P = 0.049). The diagnostic criteria of Goldenhar syndrome remain unclear, thereby making clinical use of the term "Goldenhar" inconsequential. Goldenhar syndrome is over diagnosed subjectively in patients who show more severe CFM features.