Predicting daily soil temperature at multiple depths using hybrid machine learning models for a semi-arid region in Punjab, India

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 29; no. 47; pp. 71270 - 71289
• Main Authors: Malik, Anurag, Tikhamarine, Yazid, Sihag, Parveen, Shahid, Shamsuddin, Jamei, Mehdi, Karbasi, Masoud
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-10-2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adaptive systems; Algorithms; Aquatic Pollution; Arid regions; Arid zones; Artificial neural networks; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Feasibility; Fuzzy logic; Learning algorithms; Machine learning; Meteorological parameters; Multilayer perceptrons; Particle swarm optimization; Performance measurement; Research Article; Semi arid areas; Semiarid lands; Slime molds; Soil depth; Soil temperature; Support vector machines; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Punjab India; India; Gamma test; Machine learning techniques; Punjab; Climatic parameters; Soil temperature
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20837-3

Prediction of soil temperature (ST) at multiple depths is important for maintaining the physical, chemical, and biological activities in soil for various scientific aspects. The present study was conducted in a semi-arid region of Punjab to predict the daily ST at 5-cm (ST
5
), 15-cm (ST
15
), and 30-cm (ST
30
) soil depths by employing the three-hybrid machine learning (ML) paradigms, i.e. support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) optimized with slime mould algorithm (SMA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) algorithms. Five scenarios with different input variables were constructed using daily meteorological parameters, and the optimal one was extracted by exploiting the GT (gamma test). The feasibility of the proposed hybrid SVM, MLP, and ANFIS models was inspected based on performance metrics and visual interpretation. According to the results, the SVM-SMA model yields better estimates than other models at 5-cm, 15-cm, and 30-cm soil depths, respectively, for scenario 5 in the validation phase. Furthermore, conferring to the results, the SMA algorithm-based SVM model had lower (higher) values of mean absolute error, root mean square error, and index of scattering (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, coefficient of correlation, and Willmott index of agreement) and proved the better feasibility of SVM models in predicting daily ST at multiple depths on the study site.