Simulation and Artificial Intelligence in Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review

• Published in: Aesthetic plastic surgery Vol. 46; no. 5; pp. 2368 - 2377
• Main Authors: Eldaly, Abdullah S., Avila, Francisco R., Torres-Guzman, Ricardo A., Maita, Karla, Garcia, John P., Palmieri Serrano, Luiza, Forte, Antonio J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-10-2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Decision making; Deep learning; Machine learning; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neural networks; Nose; Otorhinolaryngology; Patients; Plastic Surgery; Review; Rhinoplasty; Simulation; Surgeons; Systematic review
• ISSN: 0364-216X; 1432-5241
• DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02883-x

Background
Rhinoplasty is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures. The complexity of the nasal structure and the substantial aesthetic and functional impact of the operation make rhinoplasty very challenging.
The past few years have witnessed an increasing implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and simulation systems into plastic surgery practice. This review explores the potential uses of AI and simulation models in rhinoplasty.
Methods
Five electronic databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis as our basis of organization
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Results
Several simulation models were described to predict the nasal shape that aesthetically matches the patient's face, indicate the implant size in augmentation rhinoplasty and construct three-dimensional (3D) facial images from two-dimensional images.
Machine learning was used to learn surgeons' rhinoplasty styles and accurately simulate the outcomes. Deep learning was used to predict rhinoplasty status accurately and analyze the factors associated with increased facial attractiveness after rhinoplasty. Finally, a deep learning model was used to predict patients' age before and after rhinoplasty proving that the procedure made the patients look younger.
Conclusion
3D simulation models and AI models can revolutionalize the practice of functional and aesthetic rhinoplasty. Simulation systems can be beneficial in preoperative planning, intra-operative decision making, and postoperative evaluation. In addition, AI models can be trained to carry out tasks that are either challenging or time-consuming for surgeons.
Level of Evidence III
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors
www.springer.com/00266
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