MR documented craniocervical ligamentous injury at age 18 months: delayed formation of OS odontoideum. Complex management issues. Case-based review

• Published in: Child's nervous system Vol. 39; no. 4; pp. 869 - 875
• Main Authors: Wilson, Saul, Menezes, Arnold H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-04-2023
• Subjects: Atlanto-Axial Joint - diagnostic imaging; Atlanto-Axial Joint - surgery; Axis, Cervical Vertebra; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neurosciences; Neurosurgery; Odontoid Process - diagnostic imaging; Odontoid Process - surgery; Review; Spinal Fusion - methods; Trauma, Nervous System; Craniovertebral injury; Occipitocervical fusion; Os odontoideum; Chiari malformation
• ISSN: 0256-7040; 1433-0350
• DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05892-6

Objective
There are two separate theories regarding the genesis of os odontoideum: congenital and post-traumatic. Trauma documentation in the past has been the presence of a normal odontoid process at the time of initial childhood injury and subsequent development of the os odontoideum. True MR documentation of craniocervical injury in early childhood and subsequent os odontoideum formation has been very rare.
Methods
An 18-month-old sustained craniocervical ligamentous injury documented on MRI with transient neurological deficit. Chiari I abnormality was also recorded. Subsequent serial imaging of craniocervical region showed the formation of os odontoideum and instability. He became symptomatic from the os odontoideum and the Chiari I abnormality. The patient underwent decompression and intradural procedure for Chiari I abnormality and occipitocervical fusion. Postoperative course was complicated by the failure of fusion and redo. He later required transoral ventral medullary decompression. He recovered.
Results
This is an MR documented craniocervical ligamentous injury with sequential formation of os odontoideum with accompanying changes in the atlas. Despite a subsequent successful dorsal occipitocervical fusion, he became symptomatic requiring transoral decompression.
Conclusions
Os odontoideum here is recognized as a traumatic origin with the presence of congenital Chiari I abnormality as a separate entity. The changes of the anterior arch of C1 as well as the os formation were serially documented and give credence to blood supply changes in the os and atlas as a result of the trauma. The recognized treatment of dorsal occipitocervical fusion failed in this case requiring also a ventral decompression of the medulla.