Sub-Annual Calving Front Migration, Area Change and Calving Rates from Swath Mode CryoSat-2 Altimetry, on Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 11; no. 23; p. 2761
• Main Authors: Wuite, Jan, Nagler, Thomas, Gourmelen, Noel, Escorihuela, Maria Jose, Hogg, Anna E., Drinkwater, Mark R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-12-2019
• Subjects: Altimeters; Altimetry; Antarctic front; Automation; Budgets; Climatic data; Constraint modelling; Dynamic stability; Edge detection; Elevation; Flow velocity; Freshwater ice; Glaciers; Ice; Ice cover; Ice shelves; Ice thickness; Icebergs; Land ice; Radar imaging; Remote sensing; Spatial discrimination; Spatial resolution; Synthetic aperture radar; Antarctica
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs11232761

Mapping the time-variable calving front location (CFL) of Antarctic ice shelves is important for estimating the freshwater budget, as an indicator of changing ocean and structural conditions or as a precursor of dynamic instability. Here, we present a novel approach for deriving regular and consistent CFLs based on CryoSat-2 swath altimetry. The CFL detection is based on the premise that the shelf edge is usually characterized by a steep ice cliff, which is clearly resolved in the surface elevation data. Our method applies edge detection and vectorization of the sharp ice edge in gridded elevation data to generate vector shapefiles of the calving front. To show the feasibility of our approach, we derived a unique data set of ice-front positions for the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) between 2011 and 2018 at a 200 m spatial resolution and biannual temporal frequency. The observed CFLs compare well with independently derived ice front positions from Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery and are used to calculate area change, advance rates, and iceberg calving rates. We measure an area increase of 810 ± 40 km2 a−1 for FRIS and calving rates of 9 ± 1 Gt a−1 and 7 ± 1 Gt a−1 for the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves, respectively, which is an order of magnitude smaller than their steady-state calving flux. Our findings demonstrate that the “elevation-edge” method is complementary to standard CFL detection techniques. Although at a reduced spatial resolution and less suitable for smaller glaciers in steep terrain, it enables to provide CFLs at regular intervals and to fill existing gaps in time and space. Moreover, the method simultaneously provides ice thickness, required for mass budget calculation, and has a degree of automation which removes the need for heavy manual intervention. In the future, altimetry data has the potential to deliver a systematic and continuous record of change in ice shelf calving front positions around Antarctica. This will greatly benefit the investigation of environmental forcing on ice flow and terminus dynamics by providing a valuable climate data record and improving our knowledge of the constraints for calving models and ice shelf freshwater budget.