Integration of Payload Sensors to Enhance UAV-Based Spraying

• Published in: Drones (Basel) Vol. 8; no. 9; p. 490
• Main Authors: Barcelos, Celso O., Fagundes-Júnior, Leonardo A., Mendes, André Luis C., Gandolfo, Daniel C., Brandão, Alexandre S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-09-2024
• Subjects: Aerial refueling; Agricultural management; Agriculture; Analysis; Crop diseases; Crops; Drone aircraft; Drones; Efficiency; Flight; Flight control systems; Image enhancement; Image processing; In-flight monitoring; Indoor environments; load transportation; Monitors; path following; payload measurement; Payloads; Pesticides; Real time; Remote sensing; Robust control; Sensors; Spraying; Spraying and dusting in agriculture; Storage tanks; Technology application; UAV; Unmanned aerial vehicles; Brazil
• ISSN: 2504-446X; 2504-446X
• DOI: 10.3390/drones8090490

This work focuses on the use of load sensors to help with spraying tasks using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The study details the construction of a prototype for load measurement to validate the proof of concept. To simulate the application of agricultural pesticides, the UAV follows a predefined route and an image processing system detects the presence of diseased plants. After detection, the UAV pauses its route momentarily and activates the spraying device. The payload sensor monitors the fertilizer application process, which determines whether the amount of pesticide has been fully applied. If the storage tank is empty or the remaining quantity is insufficient for another operation, the system will command the UAV to return to the base station for refueling. Experimental validations were carried out in an indoor controlled environment to verify the proposal and the functionality of the in-flight payload monitoring system. Additionally, the UAV’s flight controller demonstrated robust performance, maintaining stability despite the challenges posed by liquid-load oscillations and varying payloads during the spraying process. In summary, our main contribution is a real-time payload monitoring system that monitors weight during flight to avoid over- or under-spraying. In addition, this system supports automatic refueling, detecting low levels of pesticides and directing the UAV to return to base when necessary.