Improving the width of lossy mode resonances (LMRs) in double-clad fibers

• Published in: Journal of lightwave technology Vol. 41; no. 10; pp. 1 - 6
• Main Authors: Imas, J.J., Villar, I. Del, Zubiate, P., Zamarreno, C. R., Matias, I. R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 15-05-2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Cladding; Claddings; Etching; Figure of merit; figure of merit (FOM); full width half maximum (FWHM); Lossy mode resonances (LMRs); Optical fiber communication; Optical fiber sensors; Optical fibers; Refractive index; Refractivity; Sensitivity; Thin films; Titanium dioxide
• ISSN: 0733-8724; 1558-2213
• DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2023.3241722

In this work, the characteristics of lossy mode resonances (LMRs) in double-clad fibers where the refractive index (RI) of the second cladding is lower than that of the first cladding are analyzed both numerically and experimentally. In the first place, the LMRs spectra obtained with a 75 nm TiO 2 thin film are simulated, and it is observed that a thicker second cladding improves the width of the resonances, making them narrower. Then, two experimental cases (no second cladding, and second cladding with thickness of 1.13 µm) are assessed, showing a good agreement with the previous simulations. Finally, an experimental refractometric study is carried out in liquids (surrounding medium refractive index in the 1.34 - 1.40 range) for both fibers, calculating the full width at 1dB (FW 1dB ), the sensitivity, and the figure of merit (FOM). The FW 1dB is better for the LMR obtained on the fiber with second cladding while the sensitivity is slightly greater for the fiber without second cladding. In the case of the FOM, it is higher for the double-clad fiber as the narrowing of the resonances outweighs the lower sensitivity. These results show that the performance of LMR-based optical fiber sensors can be improved by employing double-clad fibers.